Characteristics and Features of CSS

Characteristics and Features of CSSAssignment 1 P1/m1IntroductionCSS was introduced in 1996. It was created to stop people from having to repeat a lot of code. For practice, if someone wanted to alteration the paragraph text, they would puddle to do it every single time they wanted to falsify the properties. CSS has since become to a greater extent adequate to having more features, for example you potty now practice session the and change the background to a massive array of falsifys.What is CSSCSS is a formatting language consumptiond to adjoin styling to your page. This is done by having the CSS papers conjugate into your html page. This page consequently has pickers and properties which affect the tags inside your html document.Characteristics of CSSCSS is written in the following this radiation patternselector property valuean example of this would beThis would be used to change the full page to a grey colour. As you can believe, the body is the selector, the rul e is the background colour and the value is the colouring.The order of operations is how the page is read and ordering the methods of formatting into importance. The order goes as follows HTML, Inline, Internal then external.How do we use CSSThree delegacys of HTML accessing CSSInlineAn inline air sheet only affects the tag it is in. This message that you can change small details of the page without changing everything on every single page. This is good because if you had an external style sheet/inner with everything in it. You would brook to make a new tag just to change that one detail. Inline overrules external which means you can change small details.After HTML, inline is next on the order of operations. This means that it overrules knowledgeable/external.This is an example of the background colour world orange on a webpageAs you can see, the background colour is set to orange. And this would be a standard for every page with the style sheet attached. However, if you go to the body tag in html and fit this line of code a line of code that would look interchangeable this I would then change the colour of the background regardless of the background colour set by the external style sheet/internal.Another example of this being used would be with font styles. You would for an external style sheet put a P value followed by the attri exclusivelyes like this and this would-be payoff However, if I wanted to have a jet-propelled plane text on one single piece of paragraph text you would then use inline styling. You would put something like this and this would change the colour of what the external styesheet had set it to. This is good because if you again had a lot of paragraph text but you needed this to be slightly disparate for example you wanted the size to be a little bit smaller you would then have to create a whole new tag. This way you can change a a few(prenominal) properties and only on that one tag.You would use internal when you only want t o add a small change to a single tag. This is because inline only affects the one tag it is inside. You would not use inline when you either want to affect the full page or the full website because you would have to copy the code over and over again.Internal Internal styling takes place in the head of the html document. This means that if you be customising the page, you can see everything from scrolling. The internal styling is placed in a and a inside the tags.For this example, I am going to show you 4 different headings I created through internal.I pull up stakes now show you the outcome and the text inside the body.This looks simple, neat and organised because it is. Unlike inline, the styling and the tag is separate. This means that you arent as confused by the styling as you efficiency be if it was inline. Both internal and external are superior for this reason.I will now she you all the styling I used to get the outcome that you antecedently sawAs you can see, I can add a family of fonts. This means that if one font is not supported on a users estimator they will see a different alternative font. I added a text-align because if I wanted to add these tags inside a shape they would stick to the make up of those shapes.Font size is just formatting how big I want the text to be in opposed to how big it would default to if I left hand it with the html style.An advantage to internal styling is the position that it overrules external in the order of operations. This means that if you had one stylesheet linked to all of your pages but you wanted a few small changes you wouldnt have to make a new stylesheet instead you can just change it in the head tag.A disadvantage would be that internal is under inline so if you have accidentally forgotten to remove a piece of inline code you dont want inside it you might miss it and have to go all the way through the document just to find what you are missing.You would use internal possibly as a backup. For instan ce, if the external stylesheet doesnt download powerful and crash you would still see the website like normal because it would then turn to internal for the whole stylesheet. You would use inline when you want to make changes to the whole page but not every single page, like changing the font size of headings. You wouldnt use internal when you already have an external stylesheet set up unremarkably because it simply isnt needed. Only as a backup.ExternalExternal stylesheets allow someone to format their webpage (much like internal) but on a separate document. This means that you can have 2 or more workplaces (as you can link more than one stylesheet into your document) giving you a much cleaner work blank space. This would be a massive advantage due to the fact that the stylesheet is easily accessable. However, it is a disadvantage because any change you make to the external stylesheet affects any html document that is linked to it.The stylesheet you attach would be a CSS document that you would use to format tags in.In terms of the order of operation, External is last. Putting the order to HTML, Inline, Internal and then External. This is some(prenominal) a positive and a negative. It is a positive because you could have something like a background image like this Which would set the background to(and for reference if you zoomed out, it would tile)This could then be linked to every page and would set the background image to that. But if you wanted the background to be something else, a different image, you could use inline styling on the body tag to change it to that image.However, it could be called a negative because if you are altering someone elses website and you wanted to use external, they may have inline which would mean you had to go through each line of code to check. Some websites have over 900 on just the HTML page.You would use external when you want to make a stylesheet that will run on every single page (or a number of pages) because instead of having a long list of lines of code clogging up your HTML page, you would only have to deal with 1 line which would be the link to the page. You wouldnt use external if you only have 1 page because it would be impractical to have 2 pages when only 1 will be visible. (it would be more efficient to just use internal)Linking a stylesheetA in full linked stylesheet looks like thisHrefThis is the path to the stylesheet. As you can see mine just says main.css which means that I dont need to go anywhere other than the file. main(prenominal) equals filename and CSS is the document type. If for example you had to go back in the path. Before the file name, in that location would be a ../This would look like this And if you had to go foregoing in the path, you would see a /foldername then the file name. Type/relThis is done just to tell older browsers/mini browsers the actual document name because it tells them the document name.P2 Box Model What is it?A box model is something that all ows a web designer/developer to create a layout to the page. This is high in accuracy due to the fact that you can edit right left up and down pixel by pixel. You also have options between margin and padding.Why do we use it?You would use this model to apply accurate spacing on your objects inside the webpage. You are also then able to work out how much space has been used and gives you an option for borders.How do we use it?An example of when you would use a box model would be when adding in a shape. As you can see here, you would add styling to a div tag like you can see here. This would set the size for it but not add anything to do with the box model. This means that if you added some other box, they would be directly wretched. Like this.To fix this you would want to add a margin-bottom like thisThe issue would then be fixed and there will be a 10px gap between the two objects.ContentContent is the actual image or the text. The content is the centre of the box model and is wha t it is created to serve. This is because without the content there would be no need to have any spacing or any borders because there would be no item for it to be based on. overdrawPadding is the distance between the content and the border. This is to add inside space and make your spacing more accurate than just using margin which is the outside. An example of padding would beIn this example, I show the use of one number in padding. This means it affects the padding of up, down, left, right. I could use 4 verse which would affect up, down then left right like thisThis is good because it allows a lot of choice which is very precise.BorderThe border is the outline after(prenominal) the padding. Without padding, the border would take place around the content. It would look like thisAnd the code will look like thisHowever, to move the border location you would need to add padding. This is due to the fact that padding is inside between the content and the border. If you wanted it to move further outside, you would need to add this line of code in This makes the outcome look like thisYou are also able to change the border style, currently I have the double border style but that can easily be changed my altering the value. For example I could set it to dashed like thisWith the outcome of thisI will now show 4 more examples of using borders.This is just a standard border with the colour defaulting to black. The margin is used to add a space between the bottom of each box.This adds a dashed border instead of the solid style and I have changed the colour to red.This has a bored style of dotted and the colour is set to greenThe border is the ending to the content area. You can set this to be 0 px which would make the border invisible to someone viewing it. You also have the option to choose things likeMarginMargins are used to add outside spacing after the border between objects. This is effective because it means that you are able to have some space before the next starts. Without margin you wouldnt be able to create a spaced website that has borders because the borders would always be touching and padding would be on the outside.An example of margin would be thisThis shows spacing at the bottom without them touching. Without the margin, they would be touching which would look clunky and wouldnt look professionally made at all. This is what it would look like without the margin being added

Problems Faced By Easyjet

Problems Faced By EasyjetA comment on problems being faced by EasyJet and evaluation of strategies pick out by EasyJetIntroductionEasyJet, a British airline family which has been fund in 1995 by Stelios Haji-Ioannou with 2 Boeing airplanes and 2 routs, has now expand to European foodstuff with 189 airplanes and to a greater extent than then 400 routes (Suit 101, 2009). Nowadays, EasyJet a foresightful with its intumesce known estimate one bell dodging is consisting on capturing macroscopicalr market place partake. However, in that respect has generated two important conflicts inside the firm. First, Stelios as the biggest sh areholder against managers future addition plan of purchasing more aircrafts. Second, Stelios insist that shareholder of EasyJet should be paid by dividend.In evidence to examine the current issues of EasyJet, this report will analysis issues relate to EasyJet in aspect of economics and finance. In the economics section, this report will rootage talk of business objectives of EasyJet maculation focus on maturement as its main objective. After that, the report will look into the sepa balancen theory of ownership and manage issues and apply it into the discourseion of current problems exist between shareholders and managers. Thirdly, this report will describe the market structure of British airline effort and discuss whether the upset damage strategy could fit the market. In the finance section, this report will first examine the formulateion of strategy adopted by EasyJet on the accounts exploitation ratio analysis and swerve inspecting. Then it will move on to a comparison among EasyJet, Jet2 and Ryanair, and explore the investment risk of EasyJet. Finally, this report will manage a conclusion as well as recommendations that whitethorn probably solve the problems exist in EasyJet.Part A. EconomicsA.1 cable ObjectivesAccording to Neild and Carysforth (2004, p.47), Business objectives are targets which must be ac hieved for an aim to be met. Strategies or plans adopted by firms are often level on targets such as addition, gross taxation enhancement and proceeds.A.1.1 GrowthGrowth as the major objective of EasyJet, it is relatively easy to achieve during time out as well as recovery period. Growth of a connection is regarded as expand size and enlarge changes. It is based on the scarification of short- experimental condition avail in favor of long- termination receipts. For example, EasyJet use retained earnings to push fleet growth. As a burden, shareholders are not satisfied without dividends. In order to balance matter tos of both sides, managers have to change magnitude the short profit through enlarge sales. Moreover, as managers are controllers of the companion, they are free to choose growth as objective to fulfill their interests such as bonuses and share options based on acquiring a large volume of business (Stokes, 2010, p.477).A.1.1.1 Growth StrategyEasyJet adopts s everal strategies such as advertising and diversification to stimulate growth and enlarge market. Based on EasyJets dramatic investment programmes such as annex fleet size, EasyJet experienced a high rate growth of tax r thus farue even during the recession periods from 264 billion to 2667 million. It increased nearly 10 times respectively and from 2000 to 2009 (EasyJet, 2009). However, certain growth strategies whitethorn result in rising con subject matterption and reducing worth. cast up promotional expenditureWhile EasyJet already has a total number of 189 airbus A320 and Boeing 737 aircraft in 2010, it is respected to acquire another 59 planes in the next 4 long time in favor of adapting increasing number of passengers and various destinations (Flightglobal, 2010). However, in order to get good tax income performance, 86 million is spent on go off costs in 2009 which partly subscribe to to a reduction in profit margin (EasyJet, 2009).Decrease priceIn order to share larg er market and promote growth, EasyJet carries out a strategy to make their travel fees as well as cost base lower than other established carriers. Since 1999, EasyJet has been voted as the shell Low Cost Airline by Business traveler Magazine and recognized as the first European carrier that won the award for Best Low Cost Carrier at OAG Airline Industry Awards in 2008 (EasyJet).A.1.2 Other Business Objectives gross sales Revenue MaximisingSales revenue maximizing is achieved by increasing products and reducing price. Higher sales could efficiently help to expand and compete for the market. In addition, aim to maximize sale revenue could to a fault avail managers by enhancing their credibility as well as wages (Jain Khanna, 2009, p.22). EasyJet purchase more airplanes, entrust various domestic and international flights and adopts low cost strategy to attract more passengers. According to EasyJet (2009), total revenue per seat has increased 10.9% with total revenue increased 12% fr om 2008 to 2009.Profit MaximizingProfit is considered as the strongest motivation of the company. Maximizing profit sometimes means maximizing the value of shareholders wealth when cyberspace cash flows back to the company in the long run. However, fixed cost may increase in a short term to promote fruit (Dransfield, 2004, p. 215).In future development, the objective that EasyJet might follow is profit maximizing. Nowadays profit margins are spend on aircraft purchase to meet the needs of passenger and capture larger market share, these will go along to positive cash generation beyond the period of high than normal capital expenditure (EasyJet, 2009).managerial Utility MaximizingIt is known that managerial utility could maximize when there is a higher level of output. The case indicates that EasyJet has ordered more airplanes to serve more passengers and explore unseasoned market. By increasing sales and profit, managers could provide enough specie to make shareholders happy. Mean duration, extra money could be used to promote salary, bonuses and legion(predicate) other perks as well as develop discretionary projects (Stoke, 2010, p.470).A.2 Ownership and Control IssuesA.2.1 Ownership of EasyJetEasyJet is owned by shareholders who invest money for future dividends and for the likely increased value of their shares. Shareholders have been seen as the monitor of the deed and management of a company. repayable to their interests on investment returns, they may indirectly influence company to increase share value or maximize profit (Turner, n.d.).On the other hand, shareholders could sale their stocks to express their dissatisfaction on the execution of the company. However, this conduct may lead to a reduction on share price and increase the risk of take-over bid by raider (Stokes, 2010, p. 478).Stelios Hajiloannous owns 38% stocks of the company, followed by Standard Life, who is the second large shareholder, owns 9.45% stocks (London dark Standard, 2010). Due to the family of Sir Stelios is the biggest shareholder, he could possible exercise an effective influence on the company, and directs the decisions made by music directors and managers correspond to shareholders interests.A.2.2 Ownership IssuesThe biggest shareholder as well as Non-Executive Director, Stelios has been strongly opposed to EasyJets rapid expansion strategy and management strategy.Shareholders are more concern profit maximizing rather than sale revenue maximizing. Stelios claims that the capital cost and profit is no longer balanced and the expenditure for new airlines are from the expense of profit margins. Stelios insists that approximately 190 aircrafts is enough to operation and other excess ones should be sold to conserve cash (Flightglobal, 2010). The fleet growth strategy is not suitable for recession period as there are poor economic returns and market changes.Sometimes non executive director has insufficient influence on the Board. As a result, St elios tries to persuade other shareholders to extinguish the growth strategy. However, Stelios failed to gain enough support to exert power on managers. Standard Life, who is the second large shareholder, expressed his satisfaction with management team (London Night Standard, 2010).Shareholders have the right to benefit from the company. According to the case (2010), Stelios argues that the firm is a mature company that the share price do not has the capacity to increase. and so Stelios claims that shareholders should receive reward from dividend havements instead of the share price of the stocks they hold. Huge capital expenditure should be limited while cash should be conserved.Stelios quitted the Board to against growth strategy. There generates another disputation about the brand endorse. The Easy brand belongs to Stelios Easy Group and was licensed to EasyJet. However, he now is concerns to reclaim the brand and license to another airline (Daily Mail, 2010).A.2.3 Control by ManagersEasyJet is controlled by managers. Although shareholders own the company, they left the operation and governance power to the Boards and management. There are two kinds of executive in the board non-executive director who purely give advice and executive director who really exert power to make decision. The decision made by executive director and managers should be based on the interests of stakeholders to a certain academic degree. Thus, managers can be viewed as the agents of shareholders (Stocks, 2010, p. 477).On the other hand, managers have their responsibilities be loyal to the company while exercise judgment to operate the company. Managers should be informed the business environment to make decision that benefits the company. Rewards such as bonus are the motivations of managers. However, it may also be the stimulation of savage polity making (Bevans, 2007, p. 220).It is known that appropriate corporate governance is the guidance to achieve success operation of t he company. It requires greater electric pig managers. However, it is difficult to balance distinct interests between shareholders and managers, thus lead to several problems (Rees Sheikh, 1995, p.145).A.2.4 Control IssuesWith the aim of growth, EasyJet sets the goal to maintain a growth of 7.5% and increase its European market share from about 7% to 10%. EasyJet believes that its growth plan on fleet size could contri preciselye to occupy larger short-haul European market (Flightglobal, 2010).EasyJet indicates that they earned a profit of 4 million and performed well in the recession period, the expansion plan is under control instead of taking ample risky (London Evening Standard, 2010).Andy Harrisons chief executive position was taken place by McCall due to the disagreement with Sir Stelios (New Statesman, 2010).Although there is a 5% drop of share price due to the long battle between shareholders and managers, EasyJet claims that general there was a 34% rise of the share p rice in 10 years which signaln a remarkable voltage among European airline carriers as well as a sufficient reward to shareholders (Independent, 2010).A.3 Market expressionA.3.1 Market Structure of British Airline IndustryAccording to Moschandreas (2000, p.10), market structure is the characteristics of the market that could have impact on the mode of competition. Those characteristics include product diversification, barriers of entry the market, number of suppliers and the level of price control.The market structure of British airline industry is oligopoly. Oligopoly is an imperfect market with standardized or differentiated products and a high degree of interdependence which dominated by a few companies (Chauhan, 2009, p.65).A.3.1.1 The Characteristics of OligopolyFew SellersThe market is dominated by few companies. cypher 1 shows the market share in the UK main airport London Heathrow. British Airways, BMI and Virgin Atlantic have relative higher market shares than others. s end off 1. Top Airlines market share at London Heathrow.AnnaAero. (2008). One line on hand(predicate) from http//www.anna.aero/2008/12/05/flybe-heading-for-no-1-in-uk-domestic-market/ Accessed 05th December 2008Product diversificationMany companies in oligopoly market established brands and declare oneself various products (Jain Khanna, 2009, p.115). For example, British Airways with the slogan The worlds Best Airline serves more than 300 destinations by 238 aircrafts (British Airways, 2009) BMI with the slogan Better for Business serves various destinations by 43 aircrafts (BMI, 2010).Entry BarriersThere are several barriers that entertain incumbents from new firms. First, due to diversification of the products, established companies could consolidate market by branding and promotion. As a result, new firms have to spend more money on advertising and branding to conquer customer loyalty to incumbent companies and attract passengers. Second, financial requirements or vital resou rce also restrict new entrants, such as obstacle in accessing available landing airports and huge cost of purchasing aircraft (Tucker, 2008, p.178)A.3.1.2 Common Strategies of OligopolyThere are several price strategies or non-price strategies which could be used in oligopoly market.A.3.1.2.1 Price Strategy (Stokes, 2010, p.148)Prestige pricing.If one firm increases the price of the product, it may still attractive to customers. This may because of the promotion of timber and service or conspicuous consumption behavior.Price discrimination. Charging different price in different market could help to increase revenue. There are three degree of price discrimination (Dwivedi, 2008, p.328)First degree discrimination exits when sellers incriminate the highest price of the product that customer willing to buy. For example, BA offer free drinks and snacks, they could charge a higher price compare to EasyJet, who do not offer free airline catering.Second degree price discrimination exits when sellers charge different prices for the different quantities of purchase or different category of consumers (p.328). Such as first-class and economy class charge differently in airline industry as economy class is frequent required by passengers.Third degree price discrimination occurs when different price are charged describe to different submarket. For example, airline companies may offer discounts according to the time that customers book ticket in advance.Limit pricing.Limit pricing occurs when firms pricing products lower but still can get profit. Such strategy could help to deter competitors or new entrants.Price elasticity of demand.When demand is inelastic, increase price could result in revenue increase. On the other hand, when demand is elastic, decrease price could also result in revenue increase.A.3.1.2.2 Non-Price StrategyNon-Price Strategies in oligopolistic markets could help to increase demand and develop loyalty among consumers (Riley, 2005, p.83)Expanding in to new marketsDevelop new markets could help to enlarge internetwork and strengthen market power as well as increase sales. For example, recently EasyJet has lunched new route from Edinburgh to Dortmund, which is expected to carry more than 55000 passengers during the first year (EasyJet, 2010).Diversification of the productA company could be benefit from the diversity of its product against rivals. The more distinct products they sale, the smaller their rivals could occupy the market (Mukherjee, p.460). For example, EasyJet offer 422 flight routes among 27 countries and 114 airports (EasyJet, 2009).Advertising and BrandingAdvertising and Branding are essential especially for the new entrant. Advertising could establish brand images to customers. For example, EasyJet use orange as its main colors and permitted ITV operating a reality show named Airline that present EasyJet plane in the air to increasing its popularity (Fastcompany, 2002). EasyJet used to advertise its low price fli ght and claims that people could fly to Scotland for the price of a pair of jeans (Fastcompany, 2002)A.3.2 Low Cost Carriers Strategy of EasyJetEasyJet adopts a low-cost model to attract passengers and seize larger market share (Dunmore Gleave, 2003)Offer chintzy fares EasyJet sale tickets through internet or phone in order to avoid commissions. By the end of 2005, 98% of tickets were sold online (EasyJet, 2005). Customers could book in advance for cheap seats and transform flight for different time schedule without extra charge.Do not offer airline catering.Uniform airplane types Airbus A320 and Boeing 737.Have higher aircraft utilisation EasyJet aircrafts operate 11 hours a day which more than 3 hours than BA.Use high seating density airplane and increase load factors to wince cost base By the end of June 2010, the load factor has increased to 87.2%, thus lose weights per seat costs by 16% compared to BMI (EasyJet, 2010)Use smaller airports to reduce charges Such as London Luto n and LiverpoolA.3.3 Low Cost Strategy in Oligopoly MarketIn the UK oligopolistic market, as oligopolists are interdependent among others, firms are sensitive to competitors actions. A rational company may try to speculate reactions of competitors using game theory before they adopt various strategies such as price changes. However, even one company reduce its price, it is unlikely lead to a price war or significant profit changes. According to the theory, when companies change prices, their competitors will array strategies such as advertising to avoid loss (Stokes, 2010, p.152-156). As a result, low cost strategy which aims to enlarge market by reducing price is not typical in oligopoly market.However, due to the conception of price elasticity of demand, reduce price may lead to the increase of demand. Lower price strategy combined with higher frequencies could attract more business passengers who account for a remarkable proportion of passengers for EasyJet. Although such strate gy could make overall cost advantageously lower, it still enjoys an average growth of 4.4% while 10.5% in some major routs when fist became a low cost carrier. Apparently the successful low cost airlines are more profitable than established carriers, thus easy to survive in the market (EasyJet, 2009).In the first part, this report has discussed the features of growth strategy and low cost strategy adopted by EasyJet. The next part of the report will examine these features by analysing the financial accounts of EasyJet.Part B. FinanceB.1 Strategies reflect on EasyJets AccountsB.1.1 GrowthB.1.1.1 A Growth CompanyFrom Figure B1, it can be seen that sales revenue has shown a consistently upward trend and nearly double from 1341.4 million to 2666.8 million during the 5 years. Hence, according to product life cycle, EasyJet still being in the period of introduce to the market instead of maturity.Figure B1*Figure B2 shows a significant increase in trade creditors and debtors. However, it can be seen in Figure B2 that EasyJet could pay suppliers more slowly while receive debtor quicker than before. As a result, working capital as well as financial environment may probably get better, which could benefit for its growth strategies.It can be seen from Figure B3 that the market value per share has increased from 2005 to 2007 before it reduce sharply in 2008. However, it has recovering in 2009 after the recession period. The overall trend shows a growth in shareholders wealth as well as the company itself.P E ratio is the indicator of investors wishes for long term profit. It reduced from 2005 to 2007 followed by an increase since 2008. The upward trend could reveal a huge potential growth in the future.B 1.1.2 Growth StrategiesIncrease promotional expenditureFigure B5 illustrates a growth of current assets and current liabilities. Current ratio of EasyJet reflects that the growth rate of current assets is slowly than current liabilities, which could reflect EasyJets fas t growth of borrowings for increase promotional expenditure, as current ratio shows a downward trend. Neverthe little, the ratio is fluctuating above 1, which means that current assets everlastingly more than current liabilities and EasyJet has the energy to pay future bills. However, the more the ratio near 1, the less cash or cash assets could be contributed to short term debt. A large amount of cash of EasyJet is used to pay for aircraft order for future long term profit.Interest cover ratio could reveal whether EasyJet pay interest borrowings by generating enough profits. However, from Figure B5, EasyJet experienced a dramatic right on interest cover ratio and lower than 1.5 in 2009. Due to the sacrifice on short term profit and large amount of borrowing for airline purchase, EasyJet may burdened by interest of debt.Gearing ratio could be used to describe the proportion of long term liabilities in capital busy. The higher a gearing ratio is, the more debt a company loaned an d the more risk a company may take. From Figure B6 one could know that overall the gearing ratio has increased with a peak in 2007. Due to the huge cost of aircrafts, EasyJet is now in serious financial problem.Decrease in short term profitGross profit and net profit margin ratio is helpful to know the percentage of profit generated from total revenue. Profit margin of EasyJet has shown an upward trend until 2007, both gross profit and net profit margin ratio decreased about 10% by the end of 2009. Such reduction indicates a increase in cost of sales and may not be satisfied by shareholders. However, despite of the rising in tax rate, this trend could reflect EasyJets strategies to explore new market, increase net work as well as route length which lead to a rise of fuel costs, airport charging and advertising costs.Capital employed includes shareholders funds and long term liabilities. Figure B8 indicates that EasyJets capital is rising, which indicates an expansion of EasyJets siz e. Although the investment of EasyJet has been increasing, profit has been used for further expansion. Hence, large short term profit may not be generated from capital. The location is reflected on the reduction on ROCE.It also can be seen from Figure B8, return on equity has shown the same trend as that of profit. They both have increased till 2007 and then decreased sharply. Although the reduction of return on equity may due to the tax policy released in 2009 and increasing costs, which lead to a reduction on earnings after tax, it also partly result in the expansion of shareholders funds (EasyJet, 2009). However, overall it shows a lack of ability to return profit for owners investment.Figure B9 shows that after 2005, assets turnover decreased and has been fluctuating around 1, which reflects a poor utilization of assets and less profit return on assets. However, this primarily because of the large bulk of airplane purchase plan during the next few years. As a result, the long t erm benefits may not be reflected in more than one year.B.1.2 Low Cost strategyFigure B10 shows increase both in sales revenue and number of employee, which indicates the expansion of companys size and growth of finance performance. This may probably base on the low cost strategy.According to low cost strategy, EasyJet offer more frequencies on flight and larger capacities than other companies, thus lead to an increase in passenger flown as well as efficiency in airplane utilities. Aiming to enlarge its market, EasyJet has lunched more airports and increase its route length to various European destinations which result in a raise in cost, especially fuel cost. As a result, it can be seen from Figure B11 that a sharp rise of cost per passenger has increased since 2007.B.2 Compare EasyJet with Jet2 and RyanairIn order to discuss investment risky of EasyJet, this part of the report will compare EasyJet with Jet2 and Ryanair, both of which also adopt low cost strategy as EasyJet.B.2.1 D ifferences and Similarities in proportion SheetsApparently from Appendix 1, Appendix 2 ad Appendix 3, EasyJet shows a significant higher increase rate of total assets, liabilities and capital employed, which indicate a rapid expansion of companys size. Ryanair also shows a slightly development of the company. By contrast, although Jet2 experienced an increase in total assets, the total liabilities has reduced, mainly due to the decline of non-current assets.Although the current assets of Jet2 raised sharply from 2008 to 2009, according to Figure 15, unlike Ryanair and EasyJet, the current assets of Jet2 is much lower than current liabilities. Thus Jet2 may not have the ability to pay bills or have enough cash to develop business.By comparing the proportion of total liabilities and shareholders fund in total assets, it can be seen that all three companies liabilities is higher than shareholders funds. Thus, EasyJet, Jet2 and Ryanair are mainly financed by debt.As Ryanair has the lar gest number of assets while Jet2 has the lowest, one may presume that Ryanair has the largest size of company while Jet2 has the relatively smallest.While the major liabilities of both EasyJet and Ryanair is long term borrowings, Jet2 takes trade payable as major total liabilities and deferred tax as major non-current liabilities. This situation may probably indicate that the working capital of Jet2 could be influenced negatively due to a poor ability of paying debt.B.2.2 InvestmentB.2.2.1 Comparison among EasyJet, Jet2 and RyanairBy comparing current ratio in Figure 12, it can be see that Jet2 current liabilities is more than current assets, thus Jet2 may have difficulty to pay bills immediately. On the other hand, Ryanairs current ratio has increased to 1.84 in 2009, as current assets in much higher than current liabilities. The figure may indicate a poor utilization of resource. Compared to Jet2 and Ryanair, EasyJet has a better management on assets and liabilities.It can be seen that EasyJet has the highest rate of gearing ratio, as the operation of company is largely depend on borrowings. Meanwhile, according to Figure 12, EasyJet has the relative lower interest cover ratio, which indicates that EasyJet may have more difficulty to pay interest expense than other company. As a result, an investment in EasyJet is more risky than invest in Ryanair and Jet2.Earning per share has been widely used as standard for the growth of a firm as well as the indicator of the amount of profit could return to each share. Although the EPS of Jet2 rose remarkably, the PE ratio also declined dramatically. On the other hand, it can be seen that the PE ratio of EasyJet as well as Ryanair has increased sharply. It indicates potential capabilities of future growth of the two companies which could give confidence to investors.From Figure B16, it can be seen that Jet2 has the longest time to pay creditors, thus has a longer time to utilities liabilities. However, it also needs the longest time to collect receivables. On the other hand, although Ryanair has to pay creditors quicker compared to the time in 2008, the period is still longer than EasyJet. Moreover, Ryanair could receive debt much quicker than EasyJet. Thus Ryanair may have the exceed efficiency cash flows which could contribute to company operating.Obviously from Figure B13, Ryanair has much higher figure of return on capital employed, which means that Ryanair could profitably operation the company by using investment. As a result, investor could receive more interests in the short run from Ryanair rather than EasyJet, which has the lowest ROCE ratio among others.B.2.2.2 Brief ratingBased on the ratio discussed above, it can be seen that overall Ryanair is the best choice for investors compared to EasyJet and Jet2 despite its lower efficiency on the utilization of assets. It has the highest PE ratio and return on capital employed rate. Moreover, the working capital of cash flows is also conside red as the best one among others. Investment on Ryanair could have less risky than EasyJet.Jet2 relatively has a poor condition of capital. It seems that Jet2 may easier fall into the dilemma of debt difficulty. Although EasyJet has a large amount of borrowings, and the lowest return on capital, a more flexible cash flow as well as a proper utilization of capital could be compensations. In addition, higher PE ratio implies a potential power of growth. Thus, investment on EasyJet could have less risky than Jet2 and may probably get better profit in the future.ConclusionTo sum up, EasyJet as a growth company has adopt several strategies to compete in oligopoly market. EasyJet utilise low cost strategy to increase it efficiency in business operation will use growth strategy to seize larger market share and expand the size of the company. However, scarification of short term profit may leads to unsatisfactions of shareholders. Moreover, by looking at the accounts of EasyJet, it can be s een that its growth plan of aircraft purchasing lead to a heavy burden on debt. EasyJet has potential risky due to the large proportion of liabilities. In recommendation, EasyJet could reduce its growth plan while pay dividend to shareholder in order to alleviate the conflicts. As a result, the reputation of EasyJet could be maintained and attract more funds invest in the capital. Hence, EasyJet may not need to largely depend on liabilities and the risk of investment could reduce.ReferencesAnnaAero. (2008). Flybe Heading for 1 in UK Domestic Market Overall Demand Down Around 4% in 2008. One line Available from http//www.anna.aero/2008/12/05/flybe-heading-for-no-1-in-uk-domestic-market/ Accessed 05th December 2008Bevans, N. R. (2007). Business Organizations and Corporate Law. New York Thomson Delmar Learning.Chauhan, S. P. S. (2009). Microeconomics Theory and Applications. New Delhi Learning Private Limited.Daily Mail. (2010). Stelios Warns He May Reclaim EasyJet Name. On line Availa ble from http//www.dailymail.co.uk/money/article-1287205/Stelios-warns-reclaim-easyJet-name.html Accessed sixteenth June 2010Dransfield, R. (2004). Business for Foundation Degrees and Higher Awards. Oxford HeinemannDwivedi, D. N. (2008). Microeconomics Theory and Applications. New Delhi Dorling Kindersley Ltd.EasyJet. (2009). Annual Report and Accounts 2009. On line Available from http//2009annualreport.easyjet.com/files/pdf/easyJet_AR09.pdfEasyJet. (2010). EasyJet to Launch Two NEW Routes Edinburgh to Dortmund and Dortmund to Thessaloniki. On line Available from http//www.easyjet.com/en/news/new_routes_dortmund_edinburgh_thessaloniki.htmlEasyJet. (n. d.) EasyJet Awards and Tributes. On line Available from http//www.easyjet.com/EN/About/Information/infopack_awards.htmlFast Company. (2002). Stelios Makes Growth Look Easy. On line Available from http//www.fastcompany.com/magazine/64/ioannou.html Accessed 31st October 2002Flight Global. (2010). Haji-loannou Bids to Overturn EasyJet Exp ansion Strategy. On line Available from http//www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/05/14/342001/haji-ioannou-bids-to-overturn-easyjet-expansion-strategy.html Accessed 14th May 2010Jet2. (2009). Annual Report 2009. On line Available from http//www.dartgroup.co.uk/pdf/DartReport09.pdfKothari, J. E, Barone. (2006). Financial Accounting. An International Approach. Essex Pearson Education Limited.London Evening Standard. (2010). Standard Life Backs EasyJet after Stelios Quits. On li

Custodial Deaths and Human Rights Issues

Custodial Deaths and adult male Rights IssuesWhenever we go through daily newspapers or news on broadcast media or internet, one of the most parkland topics we can find is deaths in workforce. This is something that we get to hear about most often from people surrounding us, and it has been happening for quite a long time, not only in a particular inelegant or region, but in the whole world. However, m any(prenominal) people is dying in custody severally year. The deaths go in custody remains a very controversial topic as it is believed that the main reasons of these deaths ar kept in darkness from the world.1These deaths could be a regular subject for the ones in charge of the custody, but bring a major issue in the limelight which is the gross violation of humanity even offs. harmonise to the Joint Committee on world Rights (JCHR), When the responsibility tears away a persons liberty, it assumes full responsibility for protecting their human remunerates. The most funda mental of these is the decent to life.2As we go through this paper, we get out discuss more about custodial deaths and its impact on international justness and human sort outs.Custodial deaths are referred to those deaths, while in custody of the police force, prison service, or other authorities. The causes of these deaths or we can say that the custody authorities are often accused of abuse, cover-ups, racism and neglect.3Some examples of custodial deaths are Operation Clean Heart by the government of Bangladesh where a minimum of 32 people died death of about hundred prisoners in United States custody in Iraq and Afghanistan since 2002 and at least 650 people were killed in Jamaica by the police officers in 1999 which were all unlawful killings, but no(prenominal) of them were convicted since then.4Human RightsHuman rights are rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled.5These rights protect us from severe political, legal, and social abuses. A few examples of hu man rights are the right to freedom of religion, the right to a fair trial when charged with a crime, the right not to be tortured, the right to engage in political activity, and the right to life.6All these rights are protected by law for the wellbeing of a society. These rights, if violated, can lead to severe consequences or penalties if proved guilty to the sovereign authority.Human Rights against Custodial DeathsThe most fundamental part of human rights is the right to life.7This type of human rights which protect people detained by the State falls low the law of Human Rights Act 1998. A death penalty or even custodial deaths violate these rights according to many human rights activists from around the world. A call forth ensures protection of its people enforced by law. They have more responsibility about a persons protection when they take them into custody in doubts of unlawful acts. Therefore, whenever a person dies in custody, it raises a major human rights issue.Beside s people who are serving whole-life fourth dimensions, many others die in custody. These custodial deaths maybe caused paycapable to natural causes or diseases, attacks by other prisoners, self-infliction, third-degree tortures while in remand, and many other reasons. Many of those people who die in custody are held on remand in either police custody or prison for doubts of unlawful acts, and are convicted of no criminal offence. These are serious violations of human rights as every individual has the right to life, which is protected by the State and these deaths are not enforced by law.Custodial Death and Human Rights Concerns around the military manIn Bangladesh, a huge battalion of Bangladesh Rifles (BDR) killed more than seventy army officers and others dead in February 25 and 26, 2009. After that, most soldiers of Bangladesh Rifles were held in prisons as suspects for the massacre. to a greater extent than a thousand soldiers including twenty civilians were detained, and th e others are still in the police custody. From a statement of the Bangladesh Rifles on April 23, 2009, it was said that Sixteen detainees have died in custody four from suicide, six from heart attacks, and six from other diseases.8But Brad Adams, Asia Director at Human Rights Watch9, said that he couldnt find a solid reason for which the detainees have committed suicide, and thus, he has urged the government to take immediate actions to stop such deaths in custody.From credible sources in Bangladesh, reports were found by the Human Rights Watch on torture of detainees while they were in custody. One of the suspects told that he was tortured with electric shocks for seven days by the Rapid save Battalion (RAB)10. After the death of another suspect, a family member said that he was in good health before taken into custody and has no reason of sudden death. In a medical report of a dead suspect, wounds of torture were inflicted, which the authority denied by saying that the wounds ma y have been caused while they were trying to escape following the rebellion.Adams said that these explanations are not credible and that torture is a regular investigation technique in Bangladesh and killing of detainees in custody is an endemic problem. The detained suspects have been denied access to family and lawyers in most cases.In Vietnam, Human Rights Watch reported that they have received nineteen documents of brutality cases in twelve months till September 2010, which resulted in deaths of fifteen people. Deaths in custody were reported from major cities in Vietnam which has provoked the public protestant in the country and raised serious concerns.In a few cases, the detainees died due to massive beatings while in custody of the police or civil defense force, and in other cases, people died in public areas where the police used excessive forces. In many cases, detainees are taken into custody and killed for minor violations of law.In June 30, 2010, a person died in police custody after being detained following a dispute with his mother. In another case, which was on July 23, 2010, a man was arrested for ride a motorbike without a helmet. He was then taken is custody for questioning and hours later, it was reported that he died. This has raised serious concerns in Vietnam for such a custodial death.In all these nineteen incidents in just twelve months time, not a single involved police officer was convicted by the topical anesthetic court for their actions. There have been major protests by the media as the government has high restrictions and control over their local press. Only a few police officers have been detained or suspended, which was caused due to media exposure of the incidents and severe protests from the public. Unless the government shows serious concerns regarding such human rights issues, it is very uncertain that such killings can ever be stopped.In Afghanistan, a soldier named Jamal Nasser died in March 16, 2003 while in custody of the United States Army.11After eighteen months of his death, it was reported that his death attributed to a kidney infection. later on, investigations found that the cause was just a fiction. According to Senator Patrick Leahy, The detainee, Jamal Naseer, died in March 2003, allegedly after weeks of torture by American soldiers. Because theSpecial Forcesunit that reportedly controlled the detention facility failed to report the death, it was never investigated. This incident is very troubling on its own, but, like so many other incidents we have discovered, it points to a ofttimes larger problem. TheU.S. Army Criminal Investigation Commandreceived a tip about Naseers death earlier this year, but could not investigate the case due to a lack of information.12An army detective at Bagram Airbase told the LA Times that there are no records for which they werent able to conclude the investigation process.Human Rights LawThere are many human rights law assigned by the sovereign authori ty for the well being of a society by ensuring the safety of every individual. The law which concerns with the deaths in custody is term 2 of The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR), The Human Rights Act 1998, which states that1. Everyones right to life shall be protected by law. No one shall be deprived of his life intentionally save in the execution of a sentence of a court following his conviction of a crime for which this penalty is provided by law.2. Deprivation of life shall not be regarded as inflicted in difference of this Article when it results from the use of force which is no more than absolutely necessary(a) in defence of any person from unlawful violence(b) in arrange to effect a lawful arrest or to prevent the escape of a person lawfully detained(c) in action lawfully taken for the get of quelling a riot or insurrection.13Article 2 clearly provides that the state should not deprive you of your life, except in very limited circumstances.14According to the article, whenever someone is killed by a police, army or prison officer, the incident will always link to right to life. In such a circumstance, investigations will be called and a failure in the investigation at the hands of a state official is likely to be a breach of Article 2.ConclusionMany people have been killed and are still being killed while in custody of the state officials in almost every country. The state is responsible for the protection of its each and every single individual and the ones violating laws shall be detained or punished after the consequences has been sanctioned by the higher authority. But any kind of custodial deaths are unlawful as every human has the right to life, and they cannot be punished unless they are proved guilty. Custodial deaths fall under the Human Rights Act 1998, Article 2 which states that custodial deaths should be investigated and if not done, then it would be a breach of law. After studying t his paper, we are able to conclude that custodial deaths have become a global human rights issue and these deaths are gross violation of Human Rights. The state must take all necessary steps in order to prevent deaths in custody, ensure that every individual is well protected by law, and only the ones proved guilty are punished or detained. Success in preventing will lead to the well being of the society.

Creation Stories of Babylon, Egypt, and Genesis Essay -- Creationism C

Creation myths of Babylon, Egypt, and contemporariesThere are some similarities in the Babylonian, Egyptian, and Genesis stories. In every(prenominal) the stories one god creates man and explains how all things on earth come to being. They also set up their calendars and show examples of evil within each story to set up moral rules for man to delay by. How do these elements compare between each of these stories?In the Babylonian myth the God Marduk creates man from the blood of another god Kingu. Blood will I compose, bring a skeleton into being, Produce a lowly, primitive creature, Man shall be his name. In Egyptian myth the God Rae creates man and takes this form. In the Genesis story there is only one God, he creates man in the image of himself. In the Babylonian and Egyptian stories, the major difference is they have many Gods. Also, in the Genesis story God creates man in his likeness, this might be the case with the Babylonian story, but that is not clear. The major simila rity is that all three of the stories only have one God that creates mankind. All the stories show how things came onto the Earth and how it was made they also set up their calendars at the same time. In the Babylonian story, Marduk is granted the power of speaking something and it will come to being and if he spoke it again it would come out of being. Marduk becomes king, greater than all the Gods, later on slaying the God Tiamat. Then later the defeat and capture of Tiamats army and commander Kingu. He ma...

Perfect, but not too Perfect :: essays research papers fc

PERFECT, BUT NOT TOO PERFECTOnce in a village long, long ago, there was a home with a family inside of it. And in that family was a father, a mother, a brother, a sister, and a grandmother. In this village it rained all the time. More than London, or the Amazon or all the rainforests in the world combined. In this village also were a church, a store, a mill, and a monument for the chief Jades Samoa. This wasnt a village like in Africa or Cambodia, but a very nice village. The people wore astounding clothing. Better than any fashion brand today. The buildings wore made perfectly with smooth glass, smooth brick, and the smoothest wood. These buildings could withstand anything from a simple hurricane to a giant monsoon. The villagers drank the purest water and the finest wine. They were elegant, graceful, civilized, and ever stood straight up. There were fantastic parties thrown every night and the people gathered and talked and laughed bout there lives. There beautiful and perfect l ives. All the children were accustomed the finest educations by the most brilliant adults whom were smarter than Leonardo DaVinci and Albert Einstein would ever fathom to be. The streets were made of pure diamond and the lampposts of ivory. The cars never used any energy and never depreciated. They had plush seating made of soft leather. Every home was built according to the family, but every home was very large and spacious. They contained the finest furniture and the finest robotic ply that never became tired and always completed every demand made by their masters.

Pains :: essays research papers

While I have yet to experience the thrills of fatherhood, I would be astounded to learn thatthe author was not a father himself. When reading this poem, I actually felt thecompassion, and love, for which the author was spot towards his daughter. In myopinion, there are actually two stories being told within this poem. The maiden simply being anarrative of what the author is experiencing at a certain moment of time, and the second isthat of an underlying theme of love and pride that a father feels towards his daughter. Thepoem begins with the father listening to his daughter typing a story on her typewriter. Theauthors description of her typing as, Like a chain hauled everyplace a gunwale, gives thereader the feeling that she is really into her work and typing with all of her might. It isclear that the daughter takes her writing seriously. The father then comments on his new-fashioneddaughters struggle through life. He states, Of her life is a great cargo, and some of it isheavy . While he doesnt give expatiate of the hardships she has incurred, it is clear that shehas had some sorrow in her life. The fathers enjoyment of listening to his daughters laborof love is suddenly ended, upon hearing the typing cease. He states that the stoppage was,As if to reject my thought and its easy figure. Its as if his world has temporarilystopped, and he feels the pain that his daughter is feeling while looking for her next wordsto write. The quietness must be intense, as he states The whole house seems to bethinking. And then, as cursorily as the typing had stopped, it began again. At this point inthe poem, the father starts to reminisce ab come out an incident that occurred two years prior, inthe very same path that his daughter is working. He tells a story of a starling, which hadbecome trapped, inside the room. Both the father and the daughter watched as the birdstruggled to find its way out of the room. The details given by the author, give an image ofa beautiful bi rd that is fighting for its life, to get back to its comfort zone outdoors. Heuses the lines, Batter against the brilliance, drop like a glove To the hard floor, or thedesk-top. I see this as an analogy of his daughter battering against the keys, maybethrowing her hold to her head, and slumping over.

William Goldings Lord of the Flies :: Essays Papers

Lord of the FliesIn the midst of a raging war, a planer evacuating a group of English boys from Britain is shot down over a deserted tropical island. Marooned, the boys set about electing a leader and finding a way to be rescued. They choose Ralph as their leader, and Ralph appoints Jack to be the leader of the hunters. Ralph, Jack, and Simon set off on an expedition to explore the island. When they return, Ralph declares that they must light a signal excitement to attract the attention of passing ships. The boys begin to do so, using the lens from Piggys eyeglasses to ignite dead wood, but they are more interested in playing than in paying close attention to their duties, and the fire quickly ignites the forest. A large swath of dead wood fire out of control. One of the youngest boys disappears, presumably having burned to death.At first, the boys enjoy their life without grown-ups. They splash in the lagoon and play games, though Ralph complains that they should be maintaining the signal fire and building huts for shelter. The hunters have trouble catching a pig, but Jack becomes increasingly preoccupied with the act of hunting. One day, a ship passes by on the horizon, and Ralph and Piggy notice, to their horror, that the signal fire has burned out it had been the hunters responsibility to maintain it. Furious, Ralph accosts Jack, but the hunter has just returned with his first kill, and all the boys seem gripped with a funny frenzy, reenacting the chase in a kind of wild dance. When Piggy criticizes him, Jack hits him across the face.Ralph blows the conch shell used to summon the boys and reprimands them in a speech mean to restore order. Yet there is a larger, more insidious problem than keeping the signal fire lit and overcoming the difficulties of hunting the boys have started to become afraid. The littlest boys (known as littluns) have been troubled by nightmares from the beginning, and more and more boys now believe that there is some sort of bea st or monster lurking on the island. At the meeting, the older boys try to convince the others to think rationally if there were a monster, where would it hide during the daytime? One of the littluns suggests that it hides in the sea, a proposition that terrifies the whole group.