Effect of Potential Difference on Copper Coating

Effect of Potential Difference on Copper Coating Design Research Question: What affect does the potential difference (V) across the circuit has on the copper coating on an iron metal? Hypothesis: My hypothesis is based on the Ohm’s Law which states V = IR, where V is the potential difference across the circuit and ‘I’ is the current present in the circuit and ‘R’ is the resistance. (When ‘R’ is constant) The above equation states that as the current increases, the electron flow will also increase. Thus increasing the potential difference across the circuit which in turn increases the copper coating on iron metal. Variables: Independent Variable: Potential difference Dependent Variable: Change in mass Control Variable: Concentration of the electrolyte Resistance of the circuit Temperature Distance between the electrodes Materials Required: Voltmeter (0.2 V) Ammeter (0.1 mA) Copper Plate Sand paper Iron nail Rheostat Connecting Wires Electrolyte (1M CuSO4 solution) Beaker Alligator Clips Weighing Scale (0.01 g) Diagram of the experiment: Procedure: Set up the experiment as shown in the diagram above. Take a sand paper and remove the rust from iron nail. Now place the iron nail on a weighing scale to get its weight. The iron nail should be now attached as the anode The potential difference should be kept as 1V Pour the electrolyte into a beaker and dip the iron nail into it for about 10mins. After 10mins, remove the iron nail and dry it. Repeat the above procedure for V = 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3. Steps (1-8) should be repeated twice. Process the obtained data and record the observations. How to control the Control Variables: To control the concentration of electrolyte, make sure that the same electrolyte is used throughout the experiment. Resistance should be kept constant for the Hypothesis to be true, and for this a rheostat is used in the experiment by which resistance can be controlled. The experiment will be performed in a closed lab environment to ensure that the conditions of the equipment are not affected by changing atmospheric conditions. The distance between the electrodes should be kept constant because if the electrodes are not kept in a constant position, the rate of transfer of electrons will increase hence the mass deposited will also increase. Data Control and Processing Raw Data Table:- The Raw Data Table consists of the data obtained from two trials and is shown below in a tabular form Table 1 Table 2 Qualitative Observation: Reddish-Brown coating on the iron nail when it is dipped in the electrolyte. When the current is passed, due to the flow of electrons from anode to cathode, the copper coating thickens as if it is trying to displace the iron. The iron nail becomes blunt due to the heavy deposition of copper. After taking down the readings and noting the associated qualitative data, the raw data table is now processed and the data is represented graphically so that a better analysis could be done. Processed Data Table: The processed Data table consists of two tables showing the change in mass after the data is obtained. A graphical representation of the data is also done. Processed Table 1: Change in Mass was calculated by subtracting the initial mass from the final mass, For V = 1.0  ± 0.1, Change in mass (ΔM) = Final Mass – Initial Mass = 1.596g – 1.560g = 0.036g Similarly, Change in Mass was calculated for different Potential difference shown in the table. Processed Table 2: Similarly for this table, For V = 3.0  ± 0.1 Change in mass (ΔM) = Final Mass – Initial Mass = 1.889 – 1.797 = 0.092g Graphical Representation: Trial 1 The above graph shows the relationship between Change in mass and Potential Difference. The obtained graph resembles a linear graph and the error bars are plotted. A trend line is also made to pass through all obtained values. From the analysis of the graph of Trial 1, it can be observed that as the Potential difference increases the change in mass also increases which means that the amount of copper deposited increases with increasing potential difference. Similarly, graph for trial 2 is shown below, Graph 2 The graph obtained for Trial 2 also resembles a linear graph but there are some differences between the graph obtained for trial 1 and trial 2. As Potential difference across the circuit increases, the Change in mass also increases which means that the copper coating thickens with increasing Potential difference. Further Calculations are done to find the exact difference between both the trials, Calculations: For trial 1, The equation for the graph is y = 0.0296x + 0.005, Finding the slope of the above graph, m = 0.0296 Slope = 0.0296 gV-1 The slop obtained from differentiating the equation states that when 1V is increased, 0.0296 of Copper deposition takes place. This cycle continues for 1V increase. Calculating the moles of Copper, Moles = Moles = Moles = In Copper Sulphate, a +2 charge is present on Copper hence the required electrons will be as follows, Calculating the transfer of charge, Charge transferred = = 89.60 C Increase in the current = = 0.149 A For Trial 2, The equation of this graph is y = 0.03x + 0.0058 By differentiating the above equation, m = 0.03 gV-1 Calculating the moles of Copper, No. of moles = Mass à · Molar Mass Required amount of moles = = 9.44Ãâ€"10-4 mol at 1 p.d Calculating the transfer of Charge, Charge transfer = = 90.95 C Increase in the Current = 90.95 C à · 600s = 0.151 A Conclusion and Evaluation Conclusion For Trial 1, The Charge transfer obtained is 89.60 C For Trial 2, The Charge transfer is 90.95 C The difference between both the charges = 90.95 – 89.60 = 1.35 C Uncertainty of the experiment cannot be found out because the slope of both the graphs are different. From the graph, it is seen that, Evaluation The major reason for this deviation from the trend line plotted in the graph indicates that the resistance was not controlled properly. The graph is plotted on the basis of the Ohm’s Law stating, when the Resistance ‘R’ is constant but in this experiment, both trial one and trial 2 have different value for Charge transfer thus it can be concluded that the experiment was not accurate because of the presence of fluctuating Resistance. Errors that may have occurred The major reason for the experiment going wrong was due to an improper rheostat. The rheostat didn’t have a proper grip between the coil and movable scale. The scale may not be properly attached to the coil hence leading to a deviation between the obtained values. While removing rust from the iron nail using a sand paper, it may have had happened that some amount of rust remained on the surface of the iron nail and was not removed due to ignorance. The experiment was performed for approximately 4 hours. The experiment on the whole was not performed on a single day and hence some discrepancies in the solution may have had happened. The instruments used maybe were not calibrated properly. Number of trials taken in the experiment is only two which is very less as it does not give a big picture of the errors occurred while performing the experiment. How to improve the experiment The experiment can be improved to a greater extent by using a rheostat which has a good grip between the coil and the moving scale. This can be done by checking the instruments before performing the experiment. A fresh iron nail should be taken for the experiment. If it is not taken, then due to carelessness, some rust may remain on the iron nail and at one point it will become so thick that removing it with a sand paper won’t be possible. The experiment should be conducted for a shorter period of time and should be performed on one day itself because if the solution is kept open, it may happen that the solution will degrade or will react with air. Instruments with proper least count should be taken to avoid any systematic error. A minimum of five trials should be taken to reach an accurate conclusion.

diversity management: case study Essay -- essays research papers

Nightmare on Wall Street   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This case is all about facts and incidents about the harsh truths that lie behind the discrimination and harassment against women in the workplace. Males have predominately rules the workplace on Wall Street and had the perception of having no women take their glory. For years women were filling suits with the EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission) about the way men were treating them. Women were getting mistreated, demoted, harassed or even fired in some incidents for reasons beyond their control.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Robert Thomann is a good example of the mistreatment that was being laid on the female brokers. Thomann was out on 8 weeks maternity leave and when she came back, her branch manager which was known as the tyrant demoted her. Cueno, her branch manager, said that any sexual harassment charges would be deliberated in the Boom, Boom Room which was located in the basement of the firms building. It was a room decorated like a fraternity with a toilet seat hanging on the ceiling. After I read that, I could not believe it. The way the men were acting and treating women is unbelievable. Something needs to change at Thomann and other women keep filling suits against these male dominated managers that were not scared of any repercussions of the way they were acting. They did not think that they were doing anything wrong because their mindsets were all about the males in that industry were better su...

Essay: A Visit to the Zoo

A Visit to the Zoo Zoo is a place where all sorts of tame and wild animals are kept. There are birds and beasts which tell us about the flora and fauna of our country as well as foreign countries. It is in this respect a giver of knowledge and information. Delhi zoo is housed in the Purana Kila on the Mathura Road. It has a fine and rare collection of birds and animals from all parts of the world. The zoo is spread over several acres of land. The birds and animals are kept, as far as possible, in their natural surroundings. There is a moat encircling the enclosures of wild animals so that they might not escape.One day I went to the zoo in the company of some of my friends. We bought tickets at the gate, and entered the zoo. First we came upon the enclosure where water fowls were swimming in water. The ducks and drakes were swimming and picking up things thrown to them. We enjoyed their playful antics for some time and moved on. Next we came to the enclosure of the wild animals. There were lions, tigers, and leopards belonging to different countries. The Gir lion of India seemed to be most ferocious. The enclosures smelt of meat, provided to them everyday.In another enclosure were the monkeys. They too, were of several varieties. The ape with a black face seemed to be the most mischievous. He was all the time grinning at the onlookers. The visitors threw parched grams to the monkeys and they seemed to relish it. At a small distance we saw a peacock. It was dancing. I ran to that side. The peacock seemed td be unmindful of the presence of the crowd. Closeby was an enclosure for the deer. It covered a vast area and the deer were roaming about freely- Near to the enclosure we saw a buffalo-like animal.It was the rhino munching some maize plants. It looked dreadful with its sharp horn on the nose. The sight of the rhino at once reminded me of the adventure of Colonel White as given in our text-book of English. On our way back we saw some elephants. They were being u sed for a joy-ride on payment. Lastly, we saw the covered enclosures where birds were flying about. They were of different colours and shapes. Now it was getting dark. The bell rang and we came out. The visit to the zoo added a good deal to our knowledge of birds and beasts.

Classification of Music Essay - 1134 Words

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