Tourism Sculpture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tourism Sculpture - Assignment Example Barossa International sculpture symposium, which took place in 1988, resulted to Barossa Sculpture Park after nine sculptors met and carved sculptures in granite and local marble. The park is situated at Mengler Hill Rd, a short distance from Tanunda by car. The sculptures were created to express the spirit and ambience of Barossa as well as reflect the environment (Mayer, 2013). The challenges facing this sculpture park is lack of playing grounds for children and poor access to public mode of transport. The China Changchun International sculpture symposia have resulted to Changchun world Sculpture Park and five other sculpture parks. The Changchun World Sculpture Park has 451 sculptures made by 400 national sculptors from various regions and countries and is located at the South of Renmin Street, at Urban City. The park is enormous with large bronze and stone sculptures, over 6 meters tall, at the parkland setting. It also has a scene of a huge lake that adds to the park’s serenity. Changchun world Sculpture Park is spread over 90 hectares of land and has the largest sculptures in China. The park has displayed hundreds of African woodcarving, foreign and Chinese fine sculptures. Marble sculpture International symposia resulted to sculpture park in Thassos with the help of Emmy Varouxaki who invited and hosted artists in Thassos and provide them with raw materials to create their works at the marble of Thassos . The sculpture park of Thassos is located at the olive groove of Lampidis family in Kalirahi village.

Ergonomics with Hand and Power Tools Essay Example for Free

Ergonomics with Hand and Power Tools Essay Ergonomics, derived from the root word ergon which means work and nomos which means laws, is the study of the related interaction of humans and the objects being used to perform a specific task, process, or function. It is considered system-oriented regulations and practices applicable to various facets of human activities. Its main concern is on optimizing human performances and well being at the same time achieving a desirable system output or performance. In a simple term, correct ergonomic design will prevent humans or workers from repetitive or continuous injuries due to strain or stress on a specific part of their bodies, which if not corrected will lead to a possible long-term injury or worst, disability. To achieve this objective, humans or the workers must â€Å"fit† to the given tasks or work. Their limitations and capabilities are given into account to ensure that the equipment, tasks, output information, and the environment will suit each worker. To access the person and their related work, the ergonomists (individual specializing on ergonomics design) considers the tasks being done and its related demands towards the worker; the necessary equipment (shape, size, process); and the information being used (how it is accessed, changed, or presented). Usually, ergonomists utilizes references from other field of disciplines such as mechanical engineering, industrial engineering and design, anthropometry, physiology, psychology, and biomechanics. Often times, the principles of Ergonomic can be seen on the innovation of the equipment or machine, and the creation or enhancement of safety procedures. The field of ergonomics is actually divided into three major domains: The Physical ergonomics, which is concerned with the human physiological, anatomical, biomechanical, and anthropometric characteristics, as they are associated to specific physical activities. Examples of which are the postures during work, layout of the workplace, health and safety, handling of materials, continuous repetitions of movement; the Cognitive part of ergonomics which is concerned with the mental activities such as memory, perception, reasoning and psychomotor responses, as these influences the inherent interactions between humans and the system (tasks, machines or equipment, and information). Examples of which are the human and computer interactions, decision making, and mental work stress and work load; the Organizational ergonomics which is concerned in optimizing systems with respect to organizational structures, processes, procedures, and policies. Examples of which are ergonomics within the community, crew communication and resource, quality management, virtual organizations, and teamwork. Aside from this three major domain, there are five aspects of ergonomics, which concerns on the following: Aesthenics – example is the signage used in the workplace in such a way that it would be pleasing and at the same time provides information will be very much accessible to the workers. Comfort – example is the design of an alarm clock should give emphasis on its contrast in the dark so that eyestrain can be avoided. Safety – example is the labeling on the bottle of medicine should be ergonomically designed in terms of color and size of letters so that the patient with impaired visions can see more clearly the dosage. Ease of use – example is the street light should be strategically and visually located to be accessible to the motorists so that possible accidents may be prevented. Performance and productivity – example is the use of a specific machine in the sense that the worker must be ergonomically situated to prevent accident and maximize performance and productivity. Consequences of ignoring ergonomics include some but not all of the following: strain and injuries, increase lost time, less output in production, high material and medical costs, absenteeism, increased probability of work-related errors and accidents, and low quality of work (Holland, 2000). History The foundation of ergonomics have been seen in the culture of the Ancient Greece around 5th Century in the design principles of their hand tools, and workplaces. Very eminent were the hand tools in the form of axes, adzes, cramps, vices, benches, planes, gouges and chisel, pliers, pincers saws, rasps, and files. The usual handle at that time was made of wood and the antlers of reindeers were sharpened to create a sharp edge. The wooden handle was not smooth and has curvatures to fit the grip of the user. The sharp edge was almost tied to be perpendicular to the handle so that the worker’s arm can have a thrust on the object being cut. Since ergonomic was not prevalent at that time, the design of the handle as well as the orientation of the sharp edge illustrates the principle of ergonomics. These materials were used during 6000 BC then at around 3000 BC bronze and copper materials replaced the sharp edges. Screw vices were eminent during the 17th century Roman and Greek period. pegs were driven unto pre-bored holes on top of the bench. Again these were made of wooden parts not until the early 19th century that it was replaced by metal cramps and the design was changed to a â€Å"G† cramp structure. Planes during the 17th and 18th century manifests carved decorations and scrolled handles. During the 19th century major improvements were made wherein double cutting edge and iron were designed to prevent tearing. Early hammers were in the form of simple hand- held stones and made of iron, bronze, and steel. The early Romans used nails that lead to the development of the claw hammer at present (Marmaras, 1999). The evolution of power tools began in 1813, when a shaker in the name of Sister Tabitha Babbit, had a vision of a teeth ringing around a rim of the wheel spinning. This led to the development of the principles of sawing. Before Babbitt’s vision, sawing usually comprised of two-long ripsaws handled by two workers from one end to another. The spinning wheel were soon incorporated by circular blade then later on being run by machines through electricity rather than being actually performed by humans. The principle of the spinning wheel design contributed to the innovation of the sawmill. Ergonomically, the two-long rip saw proved to be very inadequate for two workers were needed to accomplish the task. In the development of the spinning wheel, one person is only needed to accomplish the task enhancing productivity. In 1867, Wilhelm Fein developed the first power hand drill through incorporating a minute electric motor to able to drill. Ergonomically, both hands were used to hand drill cast- iron and heavy metals, and shoulder strap and breastplate were used to prevent injury. Justus Traut, an employee of Stanley Rule and Level co. , developed the first ergonomically designed handles designed to make tools easier to hold such as block planes and levels. The patent was known to be the â€Å"Hand-y† grooves. Edmund Michel and Joseph Sullivan, in 1923, created a circular saw, which was in the form of a power hand tool to cut specifically lumbers, which was eventually called the â€Å"Skillsaw†. The evolution of hand and power tools is vast that only brief descriptions are given above. The principles of ergonomics can be seen on every design with emphasis on the functionality and safety of the user. Innovations on the materials used were obvious and technology changes the type of materials, design, and procedures, in conjunction with sound ergonomics principles (Sanders, 1993). Ergonomics applied to Hand and Power Tools Tools are considered one of the equipment being used in everyday activities. Whether it is intended for work, house hold activities, or creating something during leisure times, the necessary knowledge on the nature of the tools, how it is being operated, its corresponding risks, and the proper ergonomic procedures should be considered. Usually, tools are manufactured with safety taken into consideration when it is being used by humans or by the workers, but it can still possibly pose relevant hazards when used inappropriately. Tools are categorized into two parts: The non-powdered tools which includes screw drivers, pry bars, wrenches, axes, etc. ; and the power tools, which utilizes electricity to become functional, includes, hydraulics, electric- pneumatic, and powder actuated. The applications of Ergonomics manifested on the safety of the user and to their co-workers, to the quality of work and the overall process. Hazards should be considered as a basis for an ergonomic recommendations and approaches. Hazards of Using Hand Tools The hazards of using hand tools may emanate from the user itself: improper handling and maintenance, and misuse. Ergonomic Recommendations Since the hazard on using hand tools greatly depend more on the nature and awareness of the user, the following ergonomic solutions are advised: †¢ The worker or the user has a direct responsibility for the maintenance, proper use, and safe conditions of the hand tools being used. †¢ The workers must be trained that sharp ends of the hand tools such as those of knives and saw blades should be kept directed away from other nearby workers. †¢ Scissors and knives should be kept sharp at all times since dull tools can be more dangerous than sharp ones. †¢ The working area or specifically the floors should be kept dry and clean at all times to prevent workers from accidentally slipping with a sharp hand tool on their hands. †¢ On working inside a flammable substance environment, spark-resistant tools should be made for hand tools such as aluminum, brass, plastics, or wood. Power Tools Hazards When not properly used, power tools can cause harm and injuries, since it is utilizing electricity to operate. Ergonomic Recommendations †¢ Avoid carrying the tool by using hose or cord. †¢ Do not attempt to pull the hose or the cord to disconnect it from the receptacle. †¢ Tools should be disconnected from the power source before charging or servicing parts. †¢ Both hands should be used to operate the tool; secure the work with a vise or clamp. †¢ Keep the finger away from the on button unless the tool is to be operated. †¢ Keep the manufacturer’s manual for maintenance instructions on lubrication and changing parts. †¢ Always maintain good stance or balance when utilizing power tools. †¢ Avoid wearing accessories that may interfere when using power tools. †¢ Tag tools that are defective and keep it away from the working tools. Different ergonomic approaches are also considered on Guards, electric tools, powered abrasive wheel tools, pneumatic tools, powder-actuated tools, hydraulic tools, and jack hammers. Guard †¢ The safety guard should never be removed whenever a power tools is in operation. Electric tools †¢ These tools should have a three-wired cord with the third wire being the grounding wire to avoid electric shock. †¢ Always operate electric tools within the limit of their design specifications. †¢ Always wear protective gloves, and safety shoes. †¢ Store the tools in a dry and secured place. †¢ Do not operate the tools on wet or damp places to avoid electric shock. †¢ The working area should be well illuminated. Powered Abrasive Wheel Tools These tools are used for cutting, grinding, and polishing where when utilized may throw off fragments that can harm workers. Whenever this kind of power tool is used, always bear in mind the following ergonomic recommendations: †¢ Always use protection goggles for the eyes. †¢ Do not stand directly in line with the front wheel not until it reached its full working speed. †¢ The wheel should be inspected before mounting it to the tool. †¢ Turn off the power when the tool is not in use. †¢ Never use vise on clamping hand-held grinders. Pneumatic Tools The different types of pneumatic tools are hammers, drills, sanders, and chippers, and usually use compressed air to operate. The hazard of which is that a worker may be stroked by one of the tools fastener or attachments. Given below are some of the ergonomic recommendations. †¢ Always wear eye goggles for protection, ear buds for protection and a face guard. †¢ The hose should be checked if it is fastened securely †¢ A retainer or a safety clip must be installed to prevent the attachments from being drawn towards the barrel. †¢ Protective screens should be set up to protect nearby workers from the fragments †¢ Avoid pointing pneumatic tools directly towards another person or workers. Powder- Actuated Tools This kind of power tools should be treated with extreme caution and only trained personnel can use such tools. Hydraulic Tools †¢ Only use approved fire resistant fluid that can retain its properties when exposed. †¢ Do not exceed the recommended manufacturer’s operating pressure. Jacks †¢ All jacks must always have a form of a safety device that will enable the tool to stop. †¢ The load limit must not be exceeded. †¢ Secure the base to be stable and on a level surface. †¢ Proper maintenance should be observed: regular lubrications and checking on parts for damages. Given above are only some, but not all, of the safety procedures that must be observed in using hand and power tools. These relatively illustrate several safety practices based on the probable hazards among the workers. Since one of the major concerns of ergonomics is the safety of the workers, the procedures above â€Å"fits† workers and equipment to achieve desired result with minimal loss or injury. Generally workers using hand and power tools can be categorized into three model groups: the professionals who are skilled on using such tools; the so-called itinerant worker who is considered to be skilled and trained but with less experience and mostly self-thought; and the last is the one who only purchased a power tool for home use with no professional training after all. Since the first model comprised the professional groups, they can be considered as a skilled worker having sufficient knowledge and training on using such tools. Ergonomic considerations for such users should be emphasized on the safety functions of the tools such as limiting shields, retracting guards, safety catches, locks, and automatic stops. However, on the second and on the third model group, an awareness of the safety standards is a must aside from the safety features of the tools. These safety standards usually contained in the Occupational Safety and Health Hazards lists the minimal requirements on power hand tools. Examples of such are the following: Portable Circular Saws – These tools should be equipped with a guard below and above the base shoe or plate. Swing or Sliding Cut-off Saws – these tools should be provided with a hood that will totally enclose the upper half portion of the saw. Electric Power operated tools – these tools should have double insulation or be grounded accordingly. Hand Tools unsafe hand tools should not be given permit; impact tools should be inspected free of mushroom heads; wooden handles should be free from defects or cracks. Aside from the safety standards, practices and procedures for hand and power tools, several ergonomic innovations are being created to increase the safety of the workers especially for the third model group. Several examples of ergonomic innovations on hand and power tools are the Craftsman’s Twin cutter (Fig. 1), the Arbortech Allsaw 150 (Fig. 2), and the Saw stop system (Fig. 3). These innovations, intended mostly for the third model group, provides safety, and improved functionality to achieve comfortable handles, better balance, and self-holding triggers. Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Conclusion To eventually avoid the possible hazards associated in using power tools, the workers must learn how to recognize the relevant risks in using such equipment and its safety procedures on handling and using such. All workers must be trained in using hand and power tools to avoid accidents. Safety helmets, goggles, ear buds, and uniforms must be provided to workers exposed on splashing fragments caused by the power tools. Hazardous areas where the power tools are being used should also be in consideration to avoid accidents. Different power tools innovations are now being considered to provide safety and functionality to those who are not a skilled user or worker. Over all, principles of ergonomics apply to broad applications: safety and innovations are some of the very applications of this in relation of utilizing hand and power tools. REFERENCES Hollands, James (2000). Engineering Psychology and Human Performance. Prentice Hall. Karl, Kroemer (2001). Ergonomics : How to Design for Ease and Efficiency (2nd Ed. ). Prentice Hall International Marmaras, Nathaniel (1999). Ergonomic Design in Ancient Times. Prentice Hall. Sanders, Mark and McCormick, Ernest (1993). Human Factors in Engineering and Design (7th Ed. ). McGraw Hill International. Stanton, Nate (2005). Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics Models. CRC Press Tilley, Alvin (2002). The Measure of Man and Woman: Human Factors in Design. McGraw Hill.

Holocaust-concentration Camps Essay -- essays research papers

Concentration Camps   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Concentration Camps were a big part of the Holocaust. My first topic is the concentration camp Dachau. Then I will talk about another concentration camp called Bergen-Belsen. After that, I will tell you about the concentration camp Treblinka. Finally, the last concentration I will talk about is Auschwitz-Birkenau. Describing these camps will inform you that concentration camps were a huge part of the Holocaust.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dachau was a devastating concentration camp of the Holocaust. Dachau was built in 1933. At first, it was a extermination camp for Jewish people and political prisoners. Then it became a full-time concentration camp for prisoners. In 1943, the Nazis decided to force the occupants into back-breaking labor. The Nazis made the prisoners make arms and supplies for the war. At this camp, they performed brutal medical experiments on the prisoners. Over 3,500 people had experiments performed on them and most all died. When the war was coming to an end, the United States liberated over 32,000 prisoners on April 29, 1945. This was one of the most devastating concentration camps of the Holocaust.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bergen-Belsen was another horrifying concentration camp. This camp was a holding center camp. This means that the people that were sent there were going to be kept there until they died, or until the war was over. The people at this camp were usually killed by diseases like tu... Holocaust-concentration Camps Essay -- essays research papers Concentration Camps   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Concentration Camps were a big part of the Holocaust. My first topic is the concentration camp Dachau. Then I will talk about another concentration camp called Bergen-Belsen. After that, I will tell you about the concentration camp Treblinka. Finally, the last concentration I will talk about is Auschwitz-Birkenau. Describing these camps will inform you that concentration camps were a huge part of the Holocaust.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dachau was a devastating concentration camp of the Holocaust. Dachau was built in 1933. At first, it was a extermination camp for Jewish people and political prisoners. Then it became a full-time concentration camp for prisoners. In 1943, the Nazis decided to force the occupants into back-breaking labor. The Nazis made the prisoners make arms and supplies for the war. At this camp, they performed brutal medical experiments on the prisoners. Over 3,500 people had experiments performed on them and most all died. When the war was coming to an end, the United States liberated over 32,000 prisoners on April 29, 1945. This was one of the most devastating concentration camps of the Holocaust.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bergen-Belsen was another horrifying concentration camp. This camp was a holding center camp. This means that the people that were sent there were going to be kept there until they died, or until the war was over. The people at this camp were usually killed by diseases like tu...

Project Management Essay

Scope of Project Since the project involves mega budget the evaluation and study of scope is necessary, to find if the country is prepared for such mega budget projects or not. In spite of having most of the odds against and the greater  challenge in front of owners, it is commendable the outcome they produced. The first Formula 1racing was grand success in India; it also saw the attendance of viewers more than 100,000. The world class quality produced in short span of time was commendable. After the grand success of first two editions of Indian Grand Prix this project has silenced the critics to an extent. The Indian GP boosted the economy, as it saw major boost in hotel industry. The hotel charges in Delhi and NOIDA were increased by 50% to 80% during the event. Travel and transportation services also made merry, while there was huge consumption increase for food and beverages. The formula 1 motor sport is huge money spinner and it is expected to bring more money in future. The assumption for revenues from F1’s commercial rights will reach $3.3bn in 2016, according to a report by Formula Money with sponsorship in 2011 returning fast. The research, based on data contained in the new edition of the annual Formula Money report, predicts that revenues for the sport’s commercial rights holder, the Formula One Group, will rise at a rate of 12.7 percent a year reaching $3,253m in five years’ time. Buddh International Circuit project was questioned as it was build keeping in the mind of Formula 1 Racing where Indian presentation is very less. There is only one Indian Team Force India co-owned by Dr. Vijay Malya that too has all foreign drivers. The only Indian driver who features in Formula 1 race is Narain Karthikeyan who drives for HRT. Seeing the response of first two F1 races experts are very much hope full about the success of such projects. Motor sport will develop in India; however, it will take time, Dr. Malya in an exclusive interview quoted â€Å"F1is not short term project, he gave example of champion team Red bull and the progress they made in 7 years.† The other countries like Malaysia and China have already ventured into Formula 1 race business. Most of the countries see it as investment to boost their tourism sector more than the sporting activity and indeed it does help in generating revenue in foreign currency as sport is having global presence and fans and followers in large numbers who travel across the globe for the love of sport. Economic Activity The project started with a mega budget of $400 million dollar. It had a great impact upon the economy. It brought India on the map of global motor sport, which is considered to be the biggest money spinning sport in the world  according to study conducted, the popularity of the sport can be measured by the fact that it had television viewers of 527 million Formula One world championship. Formula Ones economic effects and creation of jobs are significant, and its financial and political battles are widely reported. Its high profile and popularity make it a merchandising environment, which results in great investments from sponsors and budgets in the hundreds of millions for the constructors. Critics may question this project as the cost of the project is very high the track alone cost around $120 million and the operational cost of the circuit is $15 million to $20 million. Apart from the huge investment that Budhh International project has incurred, it is delivering rich dividends. The huge success of inaugural Indian Grand Prix which was full house already indicated the future of such projects in India. It has helped India gaining revenue from foreign countries. It will also give India exposure to high technology. The Site Buddh International Circuit is located in Greater Noida in the outskirts of Delhi. Greater Noida falls within the National Capital Region of India‟s capital – New Delhi and is adjacent to Noida, one of the largest industrial townships in Asia. It is located 40 kilometers (25 mi) to the south-east of New Delhi and 20 kilometers (12 mi) south-east of Noida. The Government of Uttar Pradesh then decided to incorporate the city of Greater Noida, as an extension to Noida, but with better planning, incorporating the lessons learned from the Noida development. The place is a perfect location for Budhh International Circuit as it takes only about 2.5 hours of road travel from Delhi making it easier even for fans of formula 1 coming for outside of the country for the love sport. Connecting the city to Agra is Yamuna Express way six lane express way which was formerly known as Taj Expressway. The circuit is part of the 2,500 acres (10 km2) Jaypee Greens Sports City, Greens Sports City home which also includes a 100,000 seat cricket stadium, 18-hole golf course, 25,000 seat field hockey stadium and a sports academy have been planned. The sports complex is expected to cost 40 billion ($820 million) and generate $170m of revenue annually, and employ 10,000 people. Infrastructural Development The projects like BIC boost infrastructural development in the area. It has encouraged the urbanization of the area. It is sign of fast developmental growth of the area. With infrastructure giant like Jaypee Group entering in the area, they can take the development to whole new level. The Jaypee Group is a conglomerate based in Noida, India. It was founded by Jaiprakash Gaur which is involved in well diversified infrastructure conglomerate with business interests in Engineering & Construction, Power, Cement, Real Estate and Hospitality. The project BIC has improved the interest of the people in considering Greater Noida as residential place. The other industries have also acknowledged the development in the area and now they are seeking this as an opportunity to grow their business and moving their business to the town. Such Mega projects not only require big budgets, they also required enhanced technology in order to finis the project on time. The Mega projects like BIC can not be accomplished without the use of high technology in other words; these projects also introduced high technologies to this area in order to boos the urbanization at fast pace. The urbanization of the area is helping in improving the quality of life of the people living in the area as they get to enjoy world class facility. The service level and quality of various important services such as hospitals and educational institutes has improved to great deal. The urbanization always attracts investment from company which will mean consumer will have more option and better quality of service. Trade and Tourisms The Buddh circuit has been built as a flagship development for a bigger project: a new town with a population of several hundred thousand, which will have malls, sports and education facilities, and will sit astride a new motorway linking it to Delhi, 32km away, and Agra, 190km away. The Buddh International circuit has brought, boost to the tourism and trade both as it has increased the number of foreign visitors who come follow the Formula 1 race. The world class architecture and the facilities available at the circuit give fans run for their money. The hospitality sector has gained a lot from the projects like Budhh International Circuit. Because of the  number of event this circuit is hosting, they getting increase numbers of foreign visitors. Hospitality sector will improve their status, as the auto-racing events might bring in great effects of tourism into the country. It promotes the country not only as one of the tourist attraction but will also attract sport lovers from all over the world. Hotel industry is expecting growth in their business as the people who come to watch events like Formula One try to find accommodation in near by location. It is also generating business opportunities for other sectors related to travel and transportation. The teams carry their own machines and equipments while venturing in such competitions which require good and fast moving transportation facilities. Hotel and the hospitality industry will benefit greatly from Formula One Entertainment as they would provide accommodation and food for their staff. The number of visitors expected to increase as the BIC is all set to stage Superbike World Championship (WSBK) in 2013. Increase number of events will definitely boost the foreign currency inflow to the country and will help to build and promote Indian tourism Industry. Environmental Effects Despite all the benefits from the BIC, there are several undeniable impacts it has on the environment. The new development will mean more pollution issues. The population are concerned that their health will be jeopardized by there recent increase of development. The motorsport adds to air and noise pollution as the roaring sound of the engine creates noise pollution, as result you may find most of the people watching formula 1 race in circuit wearing ear plugs. And this is a life threatening sport as cars run at alarming speed at which accident can easily take place jeopardizing the life or car drivers and others. Cultural Effects The development projects like BIC have changed the environment from agriculture base to new developed town. The state government has taken land from framers for this Mega project, which is a part bigger infrastructural development in this part of the state. The development has produced both employment and unemployment. Even though there are a lot of job opportunities since so much of development has happened, people facing  challenge as they have re-skill themselves. Developments in area, which once lack of modern facilities has offered more schools for the children‟s education, better hospital facilities, and more job opportunities. With the area getting international exposure more and more companies willing to invest in land here. Real estate business in the area has really picked up the pace as the rate of the land moving up high, creating business opportunities, as more and more people willing to invest in land here. Most of the Formula 1 fans are from western countries and the Indian will get too much exposure from the western cultures and values. This does not imply that the western cultures and values are negative but rather does not fit into the way of life of the Indian cultures. This might created what is called the generation gap between the younger generations and the older generations as the younger generations are influenced by western cultures while the older generations are by the traditional Indian cultures. The Controversy The disparity between headline-grabbing projects such as the Buddh circuit and the poverty that surrounds them has been well documented. But the myriad conflicts generated by the transformation of India are heard about less often. The track has been greeted with fanfare in journalist and sporting circles, and with legislation and protests elsewhere. Public-interest litigation was filed against the government of Uttar Pradesh, the state where the complex is located, and the Jaypee Group. The PIL claimed that because Formula One is an elitist sport, the state government has no right to exempt Jaypee from paying entertainment taxes, alleging that the exemption was granted only because the company is â€Å"very close to the political leadership.† In order to construct the circuit, the lands of some three hundred farmers were purchased by the state government. However, in August 2011 – three months before the inaugural race – the farmers in question expressed dissatis faction with the project and threatened to dismantle the circuit â€Å"with force if necessary†, demanding more money and stating that they felt the land should have been zoned for industrial estates to generate more employment in the area. Meanwhile, farmers on whose land the circuit now stands continue to protest. The land was bought by the state government in 2007 for the development of roads and industry.  Farmers complained they had not received the compensation or jobs they were promised. Bhatta-Parsaul made headlines in the summer when police attacked farmers who had been protesting about the compulsory purchase of their lands by the government of Uttar Pradesh. Allegations of police brutality and violence provoked by land disputes are commonplace. This is particularly true on the outskirts of cities where exploding populations, growing wealth and rampant property speculation combine with repressive colonial-era laws and corrupt officials. Objective The objective of the study is to evaluate the project and check the feasibility of such mega budget project and to see if India the country which is still going through economical reforms and the county which having high „Power Distance Index’ is ready for such mega budget projects. The study focuses upon the scope that project such as Buddh International Circuit carries. It takes upon the Formula 1 motor sports, potential for generating revenue and its scope in India. It also takes on its impact of economy and revenue generation. The number of business and employment opportunity it provides. Also take on its impact on the tourism industry in India and other sub industry in India. Bearing the fact in min it provides excellent international exposure for India as the sports is banking upon huge media coverage. It is having such a large viewership which only considered second to Olympic. Formula One can be seen live or tape delayed in almost every country and territory arou nd the world and attracts one of the largest global television audiences. The 2008 season attracted a global audience of 600 million people per race. According to the reports year 2011 saw global viewers 515 million. The precise figures for year 2012 are not available. However, there seems to be decline in the number of viewers for year 2012. The study also takes a look at the Indian representation at Formula 1. The only Indian Formula 1 driver Narain Karthikeyan who drives for HRT in an interview said it is very difficult to break in to Formula 1 circuit. However, the future of this sport is bright in India as, people in India have more knowledge about the sport unlike China where it is limited to Shanghai only. The Indian Team Force India performed well in the both the edition of the Indian Grand Prix. However, the performance was better in  the inaugural Grand Prix. The study also focuses upon the F1‟s impact on culture, environment and controversy related to the BIC project, the controversy which created political issues in the territory. 6. Analysis On the analysis of the sport we can find that Formula 1 is money draining spots, it requires large budget as an average formula one car can easily cost around $100 million dollar. On the contrary it has huge fan following, the sport is one the richest and one the viewed sports of the televisions, having viewership in hundreds of millions, making it big money spinning sport. According to sources the revenue generated by F1 from commercial right in year 2010 was an astonishing amount of $1.587 billion, which is expected to grow further in future. The sport promises to be the huge money spinner. The analysis of the BIC infrastructure and the world class facility it contains, one can say this is a worth project. BIC has successfully hosted the Indian Grand Prix twice and received and accolade from international fraternity. The CEO of F1 Mr. Bernie Ecclestone has already acknowledged BIC as one the best racing circuits of the world. The investment and operational cost analysis of BIC proj ects shows that it requires mega budget and the operational cost of the circuit is also very high which is almost around $15 million to $20million per year. The state of art and world class facility of this circuit makes it suitable for events, which are very necessary for preventing it from becoming white elephant. The circuit is also about to host World Superbike Series. The analysis of impacts of BIC it has some positive and some negative impact. It has really boosted the infrastructural development in the area. The events like F1 race giving India Global exposure and thereby giving Indian tourism and hospitality industry a chance to grow further. The Formula 1fans follow this sport from across the globe and most of them are wealthy and ready spend for luxuries. In that way project BIC has opened gate for foreign currency inflow. The projects also have some negative impact also it started on the land bought from farmers, which created controversy later and became big political issue, apart from this the owner group also came under scanner for tax exemption. This project was also seen as threat to environment as it causes both air and noise pollution. BIC has been successful in hosting two  of the mega event it has also given India a great recognition on the global world motor sport map. It is also creating employment and business opportunities.

Educational Measurement and Evaluation Essay

Educational evaluation started off as a branch of psychology in the late 50s, as a result of curriculum innovations. It was then referred to as Educational Measurement, Measurement and Evaluation or Test and Measurement. Within the last few decades, educational evaluation has grown into a separate, independent discipline, though with some leanings on the ideas of psychologists, psychometricians and statisticians. Efforts of educational evaluators have been directed specifically towards using precision, objectivity and mathematical vigour of psychological measurement in ways directly related to educational institutions, educational processes and purposes. Educational evaluation involves the systematic assessment of educational activities. Objects of evaluation include instructional programs, school initiatives and education goals. The growth in federal funding for education and policy-makers’ increased calls for school accountability have contributed to the growth of educational evaluation. Many large school districts have personnel responsible for evaluation activities. Definitions of Educational Evaluation Various ideas and definitions of educational evaluation are given by different people/researchers. According to Tuckman (1975) evaluation is a process wherein the parts, processes, or outcomes of a programme are examined to see whether they are satisfactory, particularly with reference to the stated objectives of the programme, our own expectations, or our own standards of excellence. According to Cronbach et al (1980) evaluation means the systematic examination of events occurring in and consequent on a contemporary programme. It is an examination conducted to assist in improving this programme and other programmes having the same general purpose. For Thorpe (1993) evaluation is the collection analysis and interpretation of information about training as part of a recognized process of judging its effectiveness, its efficiency and any other outcomes it may have. Measurement This is a broad term that refers to the systematic determination of outcomes or characteristics by means of some sort of assessment device. It is a systematic process of obtaining the quantified degree to which a trait or an attribute is present in an individual or object. In other words it is a systematic assignment of numerical values or figures to a trait or an attribute in a person or object. For instance what is the height of Uche? What is the weight of the meat? What is the length of the classroom? In education, the numerical value of scholastics ability, aptitude, achievement etc can be measured and obtained using instruments such as paper and pencil test. It means that the values of the attribute are translated into numbers by measurement. Principles of Educational Evaluation There are important factors to note which can serve as guides to educational evaluators in seeing to the effective planning and implementation of educational programmes, to yield the desired positive results. The classroom teacher or evaluator should always be perfectly clear in bis mind about what he is aiming to achieve i.e. what to evaluate and how to evaluate. Evaluation of educational programmes should be comprehensive i.e. assess pupils’ progress in all areas. Educational evaluation, apart from testing knowledge (Memorization), should also bring about pupils originality and use of ideas, and their ability to think and apply the knowledge and skills already learnt. It is noted here that evaluation as an integral part of the instructional process involves three steps. These are i. Identifying and defining the intended outcomes. ii. Constructing or selecting tests and other evaluation tools relevant to the specified outcomes, and iii. Using the evaluation results to improve learning and teaching. More so, evaluation is a continuous process. It is essential in all fields of teaching and learning activity where judgment needs to be made. All evaluation devices/instruments should be valid and reliable. They are valid when they measure what they aim to measure, and they are reliable when they produce consistent results over time. The teacher as an evaluator should be impartial as much as possible. He should try to avoid personal prejudices. All evaluation instruments should take into account the practical problems of administering and marking of the responses i.e. the instruments should be convenient to administer and clear to the pupils. The pupils’ responses should be easy to mark. Educational evaluation should be well planned in advance and should be carried out continuously, periodically and at least each term. Innovations Brought About in the Evaluation Technique of the Nigerian Educational System There are some faults that can be identified in the evaluation techniques used before, which through the efforts of the educational evaluators, have been corrected or perfected. The evaluation technique used before was the one-shot or final, end-of-term or year or session examination. This technique had served as a great ‘threat’ to the students, resulting in students’ cheating, memorizing notes and carrying out premature search for question papers in a bid to pass. Students who passed the end of the year examination through memorization are tagged brilliant while those who failed either as a result of initial problems or due to lack of proper guide are regarded as being dull. Efforts have greatly been made to see that students’ progress in school which has been neglected before is adequately monitored. The problems of the student in specific intellectual task which are not detected until late before are now easily detected. The one shot end-of-term examination technique which has been given undue publicity in schools, leading to tension in the students, have been greatly de-emphasized due to progressive monitoring of students’ achievement, during the term or session and the introduction of continuous assessment method. Great efforts are now been made by evaluators to de-emphasize consideration tor certificate only in job placement but to consider also the skill and interest of individuals in the job. In the previous evaluation technique used, the students’ assessment is usually not conducted in a systematic way. Assignments given to students are not always marked or graded. Students are given class test to keep them busy when the teacher is not around or when the lesson is not prepared for. The introduction of continuous assessment in all schools has had a tremendous impact in the gradual if not total elimination of these lapses. The use of diagnostic evaluation in determining the entry level or educational background of the pupils has helped considerably in checking various problems associated with mass admission of students. Previously, undue emphasis had been given to the cognitive achievement of the students at the expense of the affective and psychomotor domains. Now intensive efforts are in progress to evaluate the students in both. The educational evaluators are making tireless efforts to see to the complete eradication of all problems hi students’ assessment that can lead to examination malpractices. The Purpose of Measurement and Evaluation The main purposes of measurement and evaluation are: i. Placement of student, which involves bringing students appropriately in the learning sequence and classification or streaming of students according to ability or subjects. ii. Selecting the students for courses – general, professional, technical, commercial etc. iii. Certification: This helps to certify that a student has achieved a particular level of performance. iv. Stimulating learning: this can be motivation of the student or teacher, providing feedback, suggesting suitable practice etc. v. Improving teaching: by helping to review the effectiveness of teaching arrangements. vi. For research purposes. vii. For guidance and counseling services. viii. For modification of the curriculum purposes. ix. For the purpose of selecting students for employment x. For modification of teaching methods. xi. For the purposes of promotions to the student. xii. For reporting students progress to their parents. xiii. For the awards of scholarship and merit awards. xiv. For the admission of students into educational institutions. xv. For the maintenance of students. Educational evaluation provides adequate and effective feedback on students’ achievement not only in the cognitive area, but also hi the areas of interest and manipulative skill. It provides feed-back from students to the teacher about the effect of the teacher’s teaching method. It also provides feedback from the teachers to the parents about their ward’s performance. It provides feed-back from school administrators to the policy makers to determine the success of the programme. Continual educational evaluation provides valuable information about the pupils’ progress and comparison with other pupils in the class. Adequate educational evaluation also acts as an incentive to pupils’ studies. The test, examination and evaluation devices stimulate pupils’ interest and enable them to make, greater efforts. Without the use of evaluation devices, most pupils will not take their learning seriously. The use of such evaluation devices as observational techniques, assignments, continuous assessment and projects prevents one-short examinations which can lead to excessive memorization, cramming, unhealthy competition, and the complete neglect of other non-measurable aims of education. Educational evaluation provides pupils record of attainment which can be used for selection for further education, for placement into class or job, and for guidance and counselling purposes. Evaluation of pupils’ progress provides a valuable source material for educational research. Data on pupils’ achievements can help research workers and teachers to identify important educational problems in schools and provide solutions which will help in the improvement of the quality of education. Role of Agencies of Evaluation In Educational Development. Some of the agencies of educational evaluation in Nigeria are: West African Examination Council (WAEC), National Teachers Institute (NTI), National Business and Technical Examinations Board (NABTEM), Joint Admission and Matriculation Board (JAMB), Colleges of Education, Technical Colleges, Polytechnics and Universities. The government, through the Nigerian Educational Research Council (NERC) reforms the national educational policy and objectives, with the aim of designing new curricula for the various levels of the educational system. The West African Examination Council controls all forms of educational development and evaluation of the school certificate or general certificate ordinary and advance levels. WAEC is the curriculum planner, developer and evaluator. The teachers are the implementors. WAEC designs the syllabus for the various subjects offered at various levels of secondary education each year. It is on the syllabus that the teachers based their scheme of work, their specific objectives and their lesson plans. At the end of duration of the course WAEC organizes assessment examinations for school certificate and general certificate (OIL & A/L). It prepares a general time-table, appoint supervisors for the conduct of the examinations, and appoint experienced markers to mark the answer scripts, collate the marks, carry out the analysis of the results to determine the grade to which each student’s mark falls, In Nigeria, the WAEC result is the standard eligibility result, qualifying each candidate for further studies or for job selection and placement. National Teachers Institute: Â  Carries out similar functions as WAEC but is concerned with Teachers Grade II certificate only. Recently it has got involved in the Nigerian Certificate in Education (NCE) Sandwich programme. National Business and Technical Examination Board (NABTEM): The board conducts, assesses and controls all forms of examinations involving technical colleges and institutes of education throughout the nation. It has its headquarters in Benin. The function of the board is similar to that of WAEC. In addition to basic sciences, they also examine all subjects in technical education, social studies and English language. The result obtained here can be used for further studies or job placements. Joint Admission and Matriculation Board (JAMB): It represents the transitional agency from the secondary to the tertiary institutions such as the colleges of Education, Polytechnics and Universities. Its role is to set common entrance examination questions in all subjects, for all candidates seeking admission into higher institutions. Candidates with good passes in advance level papers or NCE are offered direct admission to the Universities of their choice. Conclusion and Recommendations In general, those practitioners in the educational system are most of the times interested in ascertaining the outputs of the educational programme. Output is counted in terms of test results which are naturally expressed in quantitative indices such as scores or marks. Test, which is a device, an instrument or a tool consisting of a set of tasks or questions, is used to obtain the results. Test can be in the form of pen and paper examination, assignments, practical etc. The process of administering this test is called testing. But an act of measurement is done when we award marks to an answer paper or assignment. So measurement gives the individual’s ability in numerical indices of scores i.e. measurement is quantitative. Assessment can be seen as the engine that drives and shapes learning, rather than simply an end of term examination that grades and reports performance. Evaluation is expressed in qualitative indices such as good, excellent pass or fail. Value judgment is therefore attached to the measurement. Evaluation can be placement, formative, diagnostic or summative REFERENCES Cronbach, L. J. (1960); Essentials of psychological testing (2nd edition), New York: Harper. Obimba, F.U. (1989); Fundamental of Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology. Owerri, Totan Pub. Ltd. Paul, L. D. (1976); Handbook of Academic Evaluation. New York: McGraw-Hill. Ohuche, R.O. and Akeju, S.A. (1977); Testing and Evaluation in Education. Lagos: African Educational Resources (AER) STRAIDE Handbook (2002); Assessment and Evaluation in Distance Education. New Delhi: A Publication of Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU). Tuchman, B.W. (1975); Measuring Educational Outcomes Fundamental of Testing. Atlanta: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich inc.

Plot-The Andromeda Strain essays

Plot-The Andromeda Strain essays Five biophysicists start a program called Project Wildfire, which gives proper sterilization to any possible contaminated space probe. Two years later, Project Scoop sends 17 satellites to the outer layer of the atmosphere to collect any possible organisms for study. One satellite unexpectedly falls into Piedmont, Arizona and when it is retrieved, bodies are scattered everywhere and the only two survivors are an old man and a baby. Four scientists are called upon to investigate and the satellite along with the two survivors, are taken to a top-secret impenetrable fortress-like laboratory. After going through 5 levels of sterilization, the scientists made it down to the 5th floor where they could study the organism that wiped out a whole town and why the two survivors survived. The survivors and the satellite were studied in separate sealed off, plastic rooms. While studying the organism that did this, they found out that it killed by causing your blood to clot rapidly to the point where it is clotted solid. Whats even more amazing is that it did this in a matter of seconds. Now the scientists had to find out what the two survivors had that made them immune to the organism. While talking to the old man, they found out that he drank Sterno and that gave him acidosis, which means his body was more acidic than it should be. The baby took the other extreme; it was alkalotic from crying constantly and raising its breathing rate, which means its body was more basic than normal. This was the answer; the organism could only attack those with a neutral ph. While one of the scientists was experimenting, one of the seals broke and the organism was let loose. Soon, they realized that the virus had mutated into a non-fatal form and now it eats rubber instead of clotting blood. But that wasnt the end, now that it was loose in the laboratory, the alarms sounded and all the doors were sealed off. If thats not b...

Ethics in Business Essay

Ethics in Business Essay Free Online Research Papers The Dimensions of Justice, an article found in What’s Right and Wrong in Business by R. Gomez, is a detailed discussion on the three types of justice (called dimensions by the article title) that are found in all business environments. In the article, Gomez compares and contrasts the three, giving examples of each to prove his claims. Using this article, through the relationships that are made by Gomez, and using the examples that he makes, it is possible to discern and to draw a parallel between his account of what justice is, and that of Aristotle’s, using his discussions, given in his texts in Book V, of Nicomachean Ethics. To do this, we will first look at justice as accounted by Aristotle, and then define justice in accordance with Gomez, and finally we will compare and contrast these two articles to learn the true meanings of justice and, ultimately, discover if Gomez’s arguments are grounded in Aristotle’s ethical background pertaining to this to pic, and see if any significant differences arise in their explanations. Aristotle introduces the idea of justice by expressing that we must focus on three questions. He says â€Å"the questions we must examine about justice and injustice are these: what sorts of actions are they concerned with? What sort of mean is justice? What are the extremes between which justice is intermediate?† These appear to be the most important questions posed by Aristotle in light of this topic. But first, it is important to define justice according to Aristotle. He tries to first define justice as a state where we act justly and perform just actions, and wish what is just. Therefore injustice is a state where we act unjustly and perform unjust actions, and with what is to be an injustice. But these definitions, although they appear simple enough, do not fully describe what justice is, according to Aristotle, so we need to dig further. Aristotle argues that when we are talking about states of things, and what is defined in that state, there is a state opposite to this. For example, if I say that I am in a state of happiness, then I am feeling joy within myself. Since the state of happiness has a contrary state, unhappiness, then I would be feeling sad within myself. This rule also applies to justice. Using the definition above, we say that justice implies just actions. So, using this idea of opposites, injustice implies unjust actions. It is important to make this inference early on, to better understand the relation of the two states which are inherently different ideas. What kinds of actions does a just person perform to show the reason that he is in a state of justice? The just person will follow the laws of his own place in which he resides, including that of the city, state, and even country, given that those laws are considered just in and of themselves. What I mean by this is that laws are made and are focused on two main principles, according to Aristotle. The first of these is that they are created with the purpose of the benefit for all persons in society. The other possibility is that laws are made for the benefit of the lawgivers and those who are affiliated in the law being created. The first possibility is true in goodness, as justice is served in the design of the law being given, to benefit all people, and thus the just person will follow it, to give that law justice. However, if the just person notices rather keenly that the law that is being given is unjust, in that it benefits only the lawgivers instead of the population in g eneral, then this law is most likely unjust, and the just person will probably not follow it. However, if it is noticed by the just person that the lawgivers have put forth the law in order to benefit the population as a whole, even though the people do not notice this benefit, the just person will follow the law. For example, a law might be passed that says that if the lawgivers’ country is being attacked on its homeland by an opposing country, then a draft will be issued, requiring all men of age eighteen to twenty-one go into the military and bear arms and fight for the country, then this law is just, as it is for the good of all, including the lawgivers, even if the people do not believe that war is appropriate, or do not think that such young men should fight untrained in a war. As this law is attempting to preserve the country and those who live in it, it is a just law, and the just person will obey it. So it is clear what a just person would do in these situations. A just person is a lawful person. But what would an unjust person do? It is appropriate to say that, using the idea of opposites as stated earlier, an unjust person is an unlawful person, and would not follow the law, even if it is a just one. An unjust person would probably think of how the law could benefit him, rather than the population that surrounds him, which includes him and that person would be unjust in either following the law only with the intent to gain benefit from it by individuality, or even not follow the law at all. A just person would follow the just law, not seeking personal benefit, but that for all. In discussing the unjust person searching for personal benefit, it is safe to say that that person would be concerned with what can give that person an advantage over others, for that person’s personal profit. For example, a person might find a twenty dollar bill on the floor of a supermarket, and thinking only of himself, pocket the cash and walk away, thinking that he just profited from going into the supermarket in the first place, thereby causing an injustice. However, a just person would, after discovering the bill, would take it to the lost and found counter and give it to the person in charge, and a justice would be done, not to say what the person in charge of the lost and found counter would do with the cash, but the justice has been accomplished with the mere action of the person, who knows that he has done a good deed that will most likely benefit the person who lost the money. He did not seek personal gratification but did what a just person would naturally do. Most laws are designed to teach people to do actions that will appear virtuous, even if people do not think about it at first. For example, as Aristotle puts it, â€Å"of a brave person- for instance, not to leave the battle line, or to flee, or to throw away our weapons; of a temperate person- not to commit adultery or wanton aggression; of a mild person- not to strike or revile another; and similarly requires actions in accord with the other virtues, and prohibits actions in accord with the vices.† This explanation leads us to discern that the just person is the virtuous person, and the opposing argument reigns true as well, that the unjust person is the anti-virtuous person. Aristotle continues, making a large leap forward, but justifies his notion, that justice is the most superior, of all of the virtues. He is saying that justice can be considered a virtue, and it is supreme of all of them. He then launches forward, as if his leap wasn’t enough to keep us o n our toes, saying that â€Å"justice is complete virtue to the highest degree because it is the complete exercise of complete virtue.† He explains this by telling us that the person who just has all of the virtues and is, in fact, virtuous in and of himself. And the unjust person shows the opposite of what is considered as virtuous, that being his vice and this vice flows out from himself into others he is associated with as well. Aristotle says that there are two main types of justice in the political system, the first being the equal distribution of small honors and wealth. The second includes the modification of transactions, in which there are two parts to this: voluntary and involuntary transactions. Voluntary transactions would include the sale of property, loans made by two parties, donating money to a just cause. Involuntary transactions can include such things that might be just or unjust, such as robbery, treason to one’s own country, and imprisonment (but this crosses a fine line between justice and injustice, as it is sometimes difficult to justify the means by which a person is sent to prison). So, in the political system, as this is generally where laws and those lawgivers that make them come from (as most politicians), it is important to play the part of the just person, as this will affect all of the society that you deal with, sometimes even including the very country that you liv e in. Justice is intermediate, in Aristotle’s views, in that it the state of justice must benefit two parties equally, not unequally, for that would be an injustice. The equality must be related to something of importance and focused towards two parties or persons, groups, etc. Using this idea, the just person must be concerned with equality and the unjust with inequality. One other 1point that Aristotle points out is that â€Å"it is possible to do injustice without thereby being unjust.† What does he mean by this? How can a person perform an act of injustice, without being called unjust? Aristotle says that this statement is true of the politically just. He makes the distinction of what we mentioned earlier, that those who are just allowed the law to abide in their lives. The just person has the law in that person’s affairs. For example, a lawyer, who uses the appropriate laws on his side, is just, because his practice is solely based on the laws. But it is possible indeed that the just can commit an injustice, but still be just in essence of himself. For example, a person who steals from the IRS by lying on his taxes, but is not a thief. Aristotle talks about an interesting idea, that perhaps it is not always the actions by which a person is considered just or unjust, but maybe it is also the feelings that a person has toward s the actions that he makes. Also, Aristotle mentions that the ruler of a country who truly just does not make a substantial profit for himself, but for those he rules, because the ruler is proportionate and equal in his transactions. Aristotle says that justice is a mean, in that â€Å"the just person is said to do what is just in accord with his decision, distributing good things and bad, both between him and others and between others. He does not award too much of what is choice worthy of himself and too little to his neighbor (and the reverse to what is harmful), but awards what is proportionately equal, and he does the same in distributing between others.† Therefore, the just person is virtuous in himself and his actions, and through these actions and intentions, the means for the just person are realized most effectively. Now that we discussed in detail Aristotle’s views on justice and injustice, it is time to take a shift of focus and look at R. Gomez’s ideas pertaining to the dimensions of justice of that which he explains in detail in the article. Gomez first tells us his definition of justice, that being â€Å"that which is due.† He explains that there is another common definition of justice that is understood by most. This definition is simply understood, using three kinds of justice (which he calls the dimensions of justice). These include commutative justice, distributive justice, and general or legal justice. Gomez discusses each in light of a business perspective. Firstly, Gomez wants to tell us of the relationship between the three kinds of justice. He says that every human is subject to these three types, in that they govern that human’s daily life. He says that to determine the importance of each of these justices, one must look at that human’s life with other people. As the idea of justice directly correlates with that of another individual, another human being. Commutative justice is the justice of contracts. For example, one party wants something of another party, and that other party wants to make sure it is receiving something equal in return for what it was that the first party desires. So, a binding agreement is made to assure that each gets what is equally deserved. The contract might be a â€Å"hard, carbon copy,† or it might be a verbal one. This is justice because, as Aristotle puts it, the truly just person desires equality, as the unjust person wants inequality or some profit for himself that is unequal to another. The just person seeks no profit for himself (as that would make him greedy and non-virtuous), but seeks equality for all parties. Gomez tells us about three types of demands that a business person would have to face in the commutative justice perspective. The first of these is demands towards suppliers, â€Å"meeting the agreed price for the money, merchandise, or services obtained;† towards client s, â€Å"supplying the merchandise or rendering the services agreed upon at the set price, without defects, of the right quality;† and towards stockholders, â€Å"declaring dividends if any, â€Å" as well as transparent relations with stockholders and the clients. He expresses the importance of having the right quality in the items being exchanged or services being rendered. He says that there is usually a minimum standard for quality control that society maintains to keep the consumers happy. For example, food that is sold in the supermarket that is fresh, such as fresh fish and meat, must not be past the expiration date, as determined by the laws of society, or it will become bad meat or fish and cannot be sold, as the quality of these fresh goods has been compromised. And it is always more just and virtuous to keep the quality of an item or service well above the minimum standard, to keep the consumers and clients happy. Distributive justice is the justice of the distribution of benefits and burdens. This could include proper wages and salary for hired employees (and equal salaries for all employees who perform the same job), and tax deductions for donating to a just cause. Two examples Gomez gives are towards a company’s personnel, the people who work for that company. So anything relating to and concerning the company’s workers, such as fair wages, social security, and general costs for a sense of community within the company, such as pizza parties or promotions for good workers, must maintain good quality, and thus be the justice of the company. The other example he gives is towards those who are competing against the company; what is normal for fair and just competition between those companies. For example, in a political setting, when one runs for president, he is running against others who desire that particular position as well. There is a sense of competition here, and it is important to maintain justice within it- to compete fairly and justly and virtuously. After discussing the examples of distributive justice, Gomez says that this form of justice seems to be quite problematic. He says this because â€Å"there are at least two notions of a business enterprise: that of a corporation that contracts work in exchange for a salary; or that of a community of persons closely linked by a common task.† He enlightens us to what he means, saying that â€Å"both notions are not always equivalent to legal institutions, in the sense that a business enterprise, for example, may truly function as a community and yet maintain a salary structure. Conversely, it is possible for a cooperative not to function as a community. On the other hand, the existence of a salary structure does not always mean that human work is treated as a mere commodity.† Here, Gomez is trying to give an explanation to possibilities of conflicts within the distributive fo rm of justice. One practical example of this is the Salvation Army, as well as other entities of this nature. The Salvation Army does well in the community and provides a strong sense of community for those who experience its good works. There are still employees of the Salvation Army, and they are with a salary. So one must be careful when discussing the distributive aspect of justice, as there may be ethical dilemmas attached and one must spot these early on in order to maintain their sense of being just and noticing the possible justice or injustice of those organizations or entities. One other aspect of distributive justice that Gomez notices is that distributive justice includes the relations of businessmen with other businessmen who are competitors. It is important to make clear the ethical dilemmas caused by such a competition and to know what is just and unjust by each businessman’s actions and intentions. There are many cases of unfair competition, and once recognized, should be avoided, such as industrial espionage. This is where one business learns secrets about another competitor company through someone who works within that competitor company and uses those secrets to make the company more competitive. This, obviously, is unethical and unjust, as it utilizes unfair competitiveness (and sometimes even illegal situations arise) and should not be tolerated, as the unjust would do this. Another example pertains to state law in Idaho. This law says that any person who desires a job can, in effect, take over someone else’s job, and declare that he will work less than that employee, so for example if the employee at a job is working ten dollars an hour, and minimum wage is seven, then someone else can come in and declare they want to work for eight dollars an hour and get that job, thus the person who was working would lose it. This is a blatant example of an unethical and unjust law, as well as an unjust practice and unethical business enterp rise. According to Gomez, there are two forms of legal justice. The first is towards the state as a legal institution which represents the community, through the fulfillment of the laws and regulations of that state, and secondly, through the just payment of what is due, called taxes. So, according to Gomez, one who pays his taxes and obeys the laws and regulations of where he lives is being just, and one who does not is unjust. One can recognize why it is important to pay taxes, if one focuses closely enough on the act of paying them, and the consequences of such, pertaining to good consequences, such as better roads, fees paid for services rendered by the Army, Navy, Air Force, and other protectors of the United States as a country. It might, however, be more difficult to figure out why it is ethical to follow the laws of a given state if they do not appear to be just. It might be even more difficult when these laws pertain to businesses and the services they provide. But to determ ine which law is justly followed, and which law is unjust to mankind is in the hands of the lawyers. It is the business’s job to figure out how to follow the laws of the state most properly, so they do not become unjust and lose their population of consumers and clients. Now that we examined both Aristotle’s and Gomez’s views on justice and injustice, it is time to discern if there are any significant similarities or differences between the two, and how these comparisons relate to the topic of justice as a whole. It appears evident that Gomez’s ideas on justice are rooted deeply in the foundation that Aristotle makes about the subject. Aristotle says that justice is the highest of all the virtues and for one to be truly just, one must be truly virtuous, and it seems that Gomez upholds this idea as well, as an important characteristic of what a just and ethical business environment should consist of. Aristotle says that â€Å"justice is the only virtue that seems to be another person’s good because it is related to another; for it does what benefits another, either the ruler or the fellow member of the community [or business].† And this benefit for another often leads to a benefit for all of society. And in the business world, if all companies are flourishing in their justness, this flows to the goodness of all who are involved in those companies, and a just goodness to all of society. One other relationship that is noticed between Aristotle and Gomez is the idea that not all laws are just ones. Aristotle says clearly that the laws will benefit either the common good for which the laws concern, or those who are in control. Gomez agrees with Aristotle’s remark, stating that â€Å"the sphere of duties of justice (ethics) however, does not always coincide with the sphere of juridical obligations (law). There are mainly two reasons for this: because not everything that has to do with justice is covered in the civil laws, and because some civil laws can be unjust.† After making this statement, Gomez concludes that â€Å"the ethical behavior of the businessman can take three forms: the ethical corresponds to what is legal; the ethical goes over and beyond what is legal; and the ethical stand does not follow what is legal, or even resists it.† The idea that both Aristotle and Gomez are trying to express is that is it justice or injustice to d isobey a law if that law in and of itself is an unjust law? In the business perspective, it is appropriate to follow all laws, unless they are clearly bent towards those in control, that being the lawgiver. Aristotle agrees, in that, as we made the connection earlier, one who is just as lawful, and one that is unjust is unlawful. Both Aristotle and Gomez acknowledge the notion of distributive justice, and that this form of justice requires equalities between two parties. Aristotle says that equality requires two things to be called equal in comparison to themselves. And this is important in the business industry when forming relations with one business to another. Another idea pertaining to this is the just worth of what goods or services are being offered. For example, should a person who is the secretary of business be paid the same salary as one who is the vice president of the business? Should the janitor of a company be paid equal to the sales associate or marketing associate of that company? No, because that would be an injustice of different levels of services rendered. If the same service was being offered, then, yes, there should be an equality of pay. But if one service is measured next to another, and one is more important, or more critical for the business to survive, then it would be just to pay one person over another’s a higher wage, for the services that that person offers are different and more important to that business, and those services are unequal to that of certain other employees in that business. Gomez supports Aristotle’s claim clearly, asking the question â€Å"Is it just to pay the same salary to two individuals who actually do not have the same output? Is it just to hire the services of personnel on a contractual basis so as not to give fixed work?† These ideas are a real conundrum in the business industry. The answer, to say it simply, is that it is not just to do these things, according to both Aristotle and Gomez. R. Gomez’s account of justice and injustice, from his article The dimensions of justice, in the book What’s Right and Wrong in Business, does not differ significantly from Aristotle’s account of justice in Book V of his Nicomachean Ethics. It only may differ slightly in terminology. The main difference, if any (and if it is that important to note) is that Gomez’s discussion is based on the justice and injustice of businesses, as Aristotle’s justice and injustice explanations are based on the foundations of such topics. These two men hold the same positions as to what justice and injustice are, and perhaps approach the topic from slightly different angles, but say the same things, that those who are just are lawful in their actions and uphold the virtues, and focus on the qualities of all equal services. The unjust person is the opposite of the just one, in that he focuses on himself more than others, and does not possess some or all of the virtu es necessary to be properly justified in society. Both Aristotle and Gomez agree that justice implies that which is due between more than one person, usually between two entities, whether they be two friends or acquaintances, or two business partners, or even two or more competitive companies. Aristotle believes that justice is supreme amongst the virtues, and in thinking about Gomez’s examples, for one to be just in the business environment, one must be virtuous. So it is very apparent that Gomez is well grounded in Aristotelian philosophy, that was most important to him in this article, discussing the fair justice of businesses, and although both Aristotle and Gomez may be approaching the subject from different angles and viewpoints, the overall outlook of the ideas of justice is the same in comparison. In closing, let us remember the most melodious words that Aristotle used when describing justice in light of virtue: â€Å"Justice often seems to be supreme among the virtues, and ‘neither the evening star nor the morning star is so marvelous,’ and [as] the proverb says, ‘And injustice, all virtue is summed up.’† Research Papers on Ethics in Business EssayRacism and InjusticeGlobal Distributive Justice is UtopianEssay on â€Å"I have a Dream† Dr KingProbation OfficersLegalization of Same Sex MarriagesCombating Human TraffickingEmmett Till BiographyDeontological Teleological TheoriesIntentism The Resurrection of the AuthorMr. Obama and Iran

Dissertation Proposal

Dissertation Proposal Dissertation Proposal Dissertation Proposal WritingMany students consider creating a dissertation proposal the most difficult part of dissertation writing. Indeed, students are assigned to create a project of their own, but not many of them had an experience of developing a research with a guidance of a faculty member. To create a proposal you should understand the issue, find, read and analyze the relevant literature. It is important to develop your own standpoint about the problem and present it to the reader. A dissertation proposal is a part of your formal application, and your obtaining a research degree may depend on it. Creating a proposal is the very beginning of your work, so try to do your best while developing it. A standard dissertation proposal consists of the following parts.Dissertation Proposal PartsTopic and title. As you know, the choice of topic is very important. Your topic should be original and innovative. Do not try to cover a big issue in your dissertation, remember that the narr ower your topic will be the better. Before you take the final decision on your topic, consult your supervisor. As for the title, it may change in the process of work. Research question. It should be a key question, which will demonstrate the nature of your research. If you fail to ask this question properly, you will not be able to conduct the research and arrive to meaningful conclusion of your dissertation. Preliminary literature review. This review is a kind of essay, which should be relevant to your topic. It is a small version of your literature review that will be found in your dissertation, and it should comprise a starting point for your further development. Proposed methodology. In this part present your idea of in what way you are going to collect the evidence for your dissertation, how you are planning to analyze it. Usually it is the easiest part of a dissertation proposal, and it is not very difficult to write it as methods follow from the topic and the rese arch question.Provisional schedule. Create a plan of your future work, including the interim deadlines, tied to the calendar.Final Tip on Dissertation ProposalTo make sure that your dissertation proposal meets the general requirements, try to look through a dissertation proposal sample. You may ask your friends for a dissertation proposal sample or find it in the web. If you like the topic of your dissertation, proposal will become a very interesting piece of writing.

Opinion Coulums Dissection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Opinion Coulums Dissection - Essay Example From this point on, the writing is structurally focused on the spirit of sharing reflected in small gestures among ordinary people and how this is revealed through the sharing of the most precious commodity in the desert countries – water). But if we open our eyes, there are also those around us doing good for others away from the limelight and without seeking any recognition. (At this point, the focus of the article shifts from the negative impact of the media to the small acts of kindness which are not broadcast). Elsewhere, up near the Talk of the Town,(alliteration) Adliya, a householder has provided for several years a constant supply of drinking water for passers-by, with a purpose-built (passers-by and purpose-built is a consonance and alliteration, because the first letters and b of the respective words are similar) fountain, with a metal cup attached by a chain. (The use of drinking water supply with attached cup for passers by is a deliberate repetition, to emphasize the significance of the act of kindness extended by some Bahrainis to strangers.) This is a part of the world where water has always been precious and where in the days before modernization, people had to walk to wells to get their daily supply (Consonance) (historical imagery of the past and people walking in deserts to get their water supplies). These seemingly gestures of making water available to passing strangers who may be thirsty can be seen all over Bahrain and they are a small but significant symbol of the survival of community spirit. (Another repetition of the act of making water available to strangers to symbolize sharing and the good existing in society – also a historical allusion to the community spirit that existed in Arab culture which is continuing). It will soon be Ramadan, when the sharing spirit (example of consonance) comes to the force, with neighbors going from

Danderous hazing rituals ,binge drinking and inappropriate behavior in Essay

Danderous hazing rituals ,binge drinking and inappropriate behavior in fraternities and sororities - Essay Example Fraternities espouse the idea of Brotherhood. A college student enters a college or university and has an entire selection of fraternities that he could pledge into. As soon as he has decided, he becomes a pledge to this fraternity, he is given a series of tests or tasks that he must accomplish – part of hazing – to prove his loyalty and commitment to the Brotherhood, and to prove that he is strong or at least courageous enough to be able to fight for his brothers when the opportunity arises. Sadly, opportunities arise far too often, as fraternities as more often than not involved in fights with other rival fraternities. This is one of the bad behaviors looked down upon among several undesirable fraternity activities. Once the pledge has passed the initiation rites, he then enters the fraternity as a full-pledged brother, and is usually entitled to all the perks and advantages that the fraternity has to offer. One of the advantages of joining a fraternity is becoming part of a housing system wherein all the brothers supposedly share responsibility for. This includes keeping the house tidy, cooking meals for their brothers and generally maintaining the fraternity house to be a desirable group bachelor pad to be enticing enough to stay at and to attract other possible future influential members. Part of keeping the brotherhood alive means running one of the most important social activities on campuses that maintain or promote the status of a fraternity: having great and well-attended parties. This usually involves inviting partner fraternities or sororities that have the â€Å"hottest† kinds of people as their members. What this entails is maintaining and widening its social network to include the most influential people on-, and sometimes off-campus. Parties such as these are often venues for heavy drinking, and indulgence in other undesirable vices. Of course indulging in these vic es often

Chronic Schizophrenia with Co-Morbidity as Large Bowel Obstruction Essay

Chronic Schizophrenia with Co-Morbidity as Large Bowel Obstruction - Essay Example Chronic Schizophrenia with Co-Morbidity as Large Bowel Obstruction Thus, collectively, co-morbid conditions affect a patient’s life, implying that both conditions should be cared for in equal measure according to their seriousness. The care in this sense goes beyond the conventional medical models of investigating diseases; rather more emphasis is laid on promoting patient health and wellness. The health care needs arising due to co-morbidity make it imperative that nurses play their roles and undertake their responsibilities to meet and exceed client expectations. In the recent past, a lot of studies have been conducted to examine single co-morbidities with schizophrenia. Notably, most of these studies have been done on small and unrepresentative samples. In other words, many of these studies have failed to take a broader approach to the subject of the schizophrenia with single co-morbidities, instead focusing on the testing of hypotheses. Nonetheless, there are a few cases of studies, which have explored thousands of discharge records from hospitals to ascertain the proportional morbidity ratios. Although many studies show that approximately 45% of co-morbidity is accounted for by behavior-related and psychiatric diagnoses. Studies also reveal that those diagnosed with schizophrenia and those with similar diagnosis in their families report that other diagnoses precede or follow schizophrenia diagnosis. Besides psychiatric conditions, schizophrenia patients are also reportedly being diagnoses with conditions such as obesity, cardiovascular conditions, type 2 diabetes, essential hypertension, chronic airway obstruction, hyper alimentation disorders, asthma, and acquired hypothyroidism. Researchers have noted that these conditions could actually be occurring at a greater rate in schizophrenia patients than they are found. Thus, endemic under-diagnosis is cited as the reason these co-morbidities are not detected. Second, schizophrenia patients also tend to receive low standards of medical care, resulting in the under esti mation of their conditions and the treatment to accompany. This paper explores the concept of co-morbidity/complexity with reference to chronic schizophrenia co-morbidity with large bowel obstruction. In addition, the paper explores the role of the nurse when working with such as patient and their family in the community, considering. In particular, the paper outlines the health care needs for both chronic schizophrenia and large bowel obstruction for patients as well as their families and the immediate community. The possible nursing interventions with specific focus on person-centered approaches, client education, and empowerment are also explored in the paper. Chronic Schizophrenia with Large Bowel obstruction Co-Morbidity Many authors and researchers continue to research the subject of schizophrenia co-morbidities with psychiatric and non-psychiatric condition, seeking to determine whether it is spontaneous that psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia are co-morbid with non- psychiatric medical conditions such as large bowel obstruction or diabetes. The other issue that researchers seek to address is whether lifestyle, behavioral factors are associated with chronic schizophrenia and whether there exists a biological connection between schizophrenia and non-psychiatric conditions such as large bowel obstruction. Importantly, the public health ramifications for the treatment of both chronic

Models of Competition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Models of Competition - Essay Example e are just a few sellers in collusion (strategically interactive) with the main aim of minimizing competition to provide products and/or services to a large number of customers. A perfect example is the OPEC which controls the price of oil internationally. Perfect (pure) market is broadly an assumption that describes structures in which no player is so enormous as to wield those powers to set the price of a homogenous commodity (Brakman, pg 13). It is always used as a benchmark. In the ideal world, the market is in between the monopolies and perfect market structure. Monopolies do exist especially in the provision of very sensitive public utilities like in the provision of medical services, and public utilities such as gas, electricity, sports e.g. Super sport etc while perfect markets are rather theoretical. The stock markets are near perfect markets due to their composition but not very perfect as it is (Brakman, pg 106). The overarching issue is that competition in most if not all markets are imperfect and even though the goods and services may be differentiated, the firms would still face a down ward sloping curve trend. Markets assuming perfect competition do provide insufficient insight on how markets behave and respond to various factors. Even though the perfect market assumption provides a benchmark, the assumption is that they are pareto efficient. They are assumed to be controlled by such forces that even the government has no control over. This m arket has some limitations among the most crucial being the fact that all people are similar or identical for that matter. But through such models as the Dixit-Stiglitz model the element of the people’s welfare can clearly be examined. The result however gives us a false view of how the market is but for that reason, policies affecting the degree of diversity of merchandise differentiation are having markedly diverse effects on diverse individuals. This to a great extent complicates the analysis of the

Analyzing and Discussing Primary and Secondary Source Documents Essay

Analyzing and Discussing Primary and Secondary Source Documents - Essay Example Both the South and the North American sub- continent were very actively involved in slave trade and the slaves themselves who they relied on so much to work on their farms during the period of the agrarian revolution in America. Most slaves were drawn from the African continent due to the rise in the price of the slaves from the European continent (Olmsted, 1997). The next available opportunity therefore lied in Africa and as a result, a large bulk of slaves were drawn from the African continent to work on the American cotton farms that were rapidly expanding in size and increasing in demand as more industries set up their operations across the continent. Many of these slaves were kept and transported under very pathetic conditions. The slaves had totally no rights for their lives and their daily lives were determined by their masters who were as well very cruel and inhuman in the way they dealt with the slaves. However, there was a sharp and stern contrast in the manner in which sla ve trade and slavery was practiced in the southern and the northern parts of the American continent. This document will look at the underlying differences which existed in the manner in which slaves were handled in the southern as well as in the northern parts of America and the underlying factors which led to the abolition of slave trade in America in line with the views of Calhoun. As Calhoun argues slavery in North America in a rather harsh and a cruel manner that no human he says should ever be subjected to. The harsh treatment which the slaves in North America were undergoing as they went about carrying out their duties on the Americans’ farms was rather pathetic and could be ranked at the greatest point in the analysis of human injustices ever committed by man against his fellow man in the world. The slaves in North America had no rights at all and were treated by their masters as if they were animals and not human beings at all. Their masters went round in their workin g places with whips in their hands and anytime would be dreadful to any slave if at all these masters decided to use their whips on them. As DeBow notes comparing slavery in the north and that in the south during this time, he notes that the slaves in the South were treated in a better way as compared to those in the North (DeBow, 2003). That the Southern slave masters rarely used their whips on their slaves unless it was very necessary and could only be used as the last resort in case of any problem. In this was then he argues that the slaves who were working on the southerners’ farms had more freedom than those on the Northern farms. Rush justifies Calhoun’s observations by quoting the following statement â€Å"lay in northern industrial cities where exploited workers ‘toil their weary way from the cradle to the grave, and whose worn, emaciated frames†¦sink into that quiet rest never known in life† (Rush, 2002). On the other hand the slaves in the s outhern parts as Ira Berlin notes were a bit ell treated and the conditions in which they were subjected at their work places moderately better, by justiying the conditions in the southern farms, Calhoun tries to claim that the southern slavery has no problem as it is in line with human ethics (Ira Berlin et al., 1985). Having good respect and curtessy for the southern slaves would therefoe mean that the made of slavery and slave trade was actually not a crime aginst hunanity but rather the northern slavery. By Olmsted saying that the blacks

Indirect method vs. Direct method. Statement of Cash Flows Essay

Indirect method vs. Direct method. Statement of Cash Flows - Essay Example Likewise, decreases in the current liabilities are recorded as decreases in the company’s cash inflows. In addition, the indirect method begins with the income statement’s net income data. Further, noncash deductions are added back to the net income to arrive at the correct cash inflow (Stickney, 2009). For example, the income statement shows a deduction for depreciation expense. Since the indirect methods starts with the net income, the depreciation expense reduced the company’s net income amount. Consequently, the proper process is to add back the depreciation expense to the net income. The reason is very obvious. All company expenses have a correspondent credit to cash or cash equivalents. However, there was no cash outflow or payment made when the company debited depreciation expense. To arrive at the amount of cash that flowed into the company’s coffers, the next step is to add back the cash-absent depreciation expense. The same process is applied to the amortization expense. Amortization expense is debited but there is no corresponding credit to cash or cash equivalents.... There is a big difference between the cash inflows from operating activities and the cash inflows from investing activities. The cash inflows from operating activities represent the cash inflows that come from the normal day to day business operations. For example, the company is engaged in the selling of television sets. Cash inflow figure comes from the day to day selling of the televisions sets. In terms of the company’s cash outflows come from the purchase of the television sets from the television store’s suppliers. If the company is a barber shop, the company’s cash inflows come from the customers who pay for their haircuts. The company’s cash outflows include the amounts paid for the electricity that is used to light the barbershop (Stickney, 2009). The cash inflows from investing activities represent just what account states. The amount represents cash inflows and cash outflows from non-operating activities. For example, the grocery company buys st ore inventory. The amount paid for the store inventory is part of cash inflows from operating activities. The company buys the inventory in order to sell the inventories to their current and prospective customers. On the other hand, the company buys the adjacent building. The amount paid for the building is classified as cash outflows from investing activities. The company is investing in the building because the company wants to expand the grocery business. When the company sells its old grocery building at a discounted price, the amount collected is classified as cash inflows from investing activities. The company decides to sell the old grocery building, which was originally recorded as cash outflows from investing activities, when the old grocery building was purchased. In the same